快乐即幸福？——比较伊壁鸠鲁主义与功利主义的快乐观

Is Happiness the Same as Well-Being?—A Comparison of the Epicurean and Utilitarian Views on Happiness

摘要: 本文旨在系统比较伊壁鸠鲁主义与功利主义的快乐观，以澄清“快乐”与“幸福”的复杂关系。研究指出，伊壁鸠鲁主义将幸福等同于“静态快乐”，即内心的宁静与痛苦的缺席，其实现路径是个人内省的欲望管理。功利主义则将幸福理解为“动态快乐”的最大化，强调通过社会制度与改革实现“最大多数人的最大幸福”。二者在快乐的内涵、评判标准及实现路径上存在根本对立，分别代表了“向内求索”与“向外构建”两种伦理范式。本文通过批判性比较，揭示了两种理论的内在张力与当代启示，为理解幸福本质提供了深刻洞见。

Abstract: This paper aims to systematically compare the views on happiness held by Epicureanism and Utilitarianism, in order to clarify the complex relationship between “pleasure” and “happiness”. The study points out that Epicureanism equates happiness with “static pleasure”, which refers to inner tranquility and the absence of pain, and its realization path is through personal introspection and desire management. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, understands happiness as the maximization of “dynamic pleasure”, emphasizing the achievement of “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” through social systems and reforms. The two theories fundamentally oppose each other in terms of the connotation, evaluation criteria, and realization path of pleasure, representing two ethical paradigms of “seeking inwardly” and “constructing outwardly”. Through critical comparison, this paper reveals the inherent tension and contemporary implications of the two theories, providing profound insights into understanding the essence of happiness.