家庭无偿劳动与妇女劳动解放路径探究

Family Unpaid Labor and the Path of Women’s Labor Liberation

摘要: 本文基于马克思劳动解放理论，将妇女解放置于“人的解放”历史任务中，提出妇女劳动解放需以无产阶级解放为终极指向。通过剖析家庭无偿劳动的双重压迫属性——性别属性与剥削属性，揭示其作为父权制与资本主义合谋产物的本质。文章指出性别属性根植于“生物决定论”的意识形态建构，将再生产劳动“自然化”为女性天职；剥削属性表现为对劳动价值的双重否定——既抹杀其对社会再生产的基石作用，又剥夺女性对劳动过程的主体控制权。通过对四种解放路径的辩证批判(观念倡导/代际转移/市场外包/公共化)，论证家务劳动公共化是打破“沃尔斯通克拉夫特困境”的根本方案。然而其实践受制于生产力水平与社会制度设计，需通过渐进式政策与生产关系变革协同推进。本文最终揭示，妇女解放的真谛在于摧毁家庭作为剩余价值剥削单元的功能，使再生产劳动转化为社会共享事业。

Abstract: Based on Marx’s theory of labor liberation, this paper situates women’s liberation within the historical task of “human emancipation,” proposing that the liberation of women’s labor must ultimately be oriented toward the liberation of the proletariat. By analyzing the dual oppressive nature of unpaid domestic labor—its gender attribute and its exploitative attribute—the paper reveals its essence as a product of the collusion between patriarchy and capitalism. It argues that the gender attribute is rooted in the ideological construct of “biological determinism,” which naturalizes reproductive labor as women’s destiny, while the exploitative attribute manifests as a dual negation of labor value: it not only erases its foundational role in social reproduction but also deprives women of subjective control over the labor process. Through a dialectical critique of four liberation paths (ideological advocacy/intergenerational transfer/market outsourcing/publicization), the paper demonstrates that the publicization of domestic labor is the fundamental solution to breaking “Wollstonecraft’s Dilemma.” However, its implementation is constrained by the level of productive forces and the design of social institutions, requiring coordinated advancement through progressive policies and transformations in production relations. Ultimately, the paper reveals that the true meaning of women’s liberation lies in dismantling the function of the family as a unit of surplus-value exploitation, transforming reproductive labor into a socially shared undertaking.