脉络膜血流和结构与虚拟光学技术的研究进展
Research Progress on Choroidal Blood Flow and Structure with Virtual Optical Technology
摘要: 近视是一种常见眼病,近年来近视发病率逐年上升,近视所带来的并发症可引起巨大的经济和社会效益的损失,控制近视迫在眉睫。既往研究证明,脉络膜血流和结构的变化与眼轴增长有关,是近视发展的机制之一,另一个比较普遍认可的机制是视网膜周边离焦和对比度信号引起眼球轴向伸长不受控制。随着科技发展,越来越多的目光投向虚拟光学信号(模拟视网膜周边离焦、对比度信号、拉远距离、模拟日照等),VR、虚拟远像技术等技术越来越多的应用于近视控制方面,现笔者将虚拟光学技术对脉络膜结构的影响进行综述,拟为延缓近视进展的治疗方案设计提供参考。
Abstract: Myopia is a common eye disease, and in recent years, its incidence has been rising year by year. The complications caused by myopia can lead to significant economic and social losses. Therefore, controlling myopia is an urgent matter. Previous studies have shown that changes in choroidal blood flow and structure are related to axial elongation of the eye and are one of the mechanisms for the development of myopia. Another widely accepted mechanism is that retinal defocus and contrast signals in the peripheral retina lead to uncontrolled axial elongation of the eyeball. With the development of technology, increasing attention has been directed towards virtual optical signals, and technologies such as VR are increasingly being applied to myopia control. In this context, the author reviews the effects of virtual optical technology on choroidal structure, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for designing treatment strategies to slow the progression of myopia.
文章引用:唐源, 徐霁, 李华. 脉络膜血流和结构与虚拟光学技术的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 242-247. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163785

1. 引言

近视是全球性公共健康问题及全世界视力损害主因。全球估计受近视影响人数或从2000年14亿增至2050年48亿,约占全球人口50% [1]。新冠疫情后,儿童青少年近视患病率增幅明显[2],且发病年龄提前,可能导致未来高度近视患病率升高。高度近视会导致轴向过度延长,增加并发症风险[3]-[5],导致不可逆视力损害及严重经济社会后果[6],因此近视研究迫在眉睫。近视是多因素病因的复杂疾病,病理生理机制未明,近距离工作增加和户外活动减少是重要环境因素[7] [8]。目前普遍认可的近视机制有视网膜周边离焦学说、视网膜对比度学说等,针对周边离焦和对比度信号已成为减缓近视进展的主要方向[9]。既往研究发现轴性近视由眼轴异常增长引起,近年来研究者关注脉络膜,其在维持眼部生理功能中作用重要,厚度及血流变化或为眼球生长与重塑标志,但其在近视发生发展中变化机制未明。传统近视防控手段包括光学矫正(如框架镜、角膜塑形镜)、药物干预(如低浓度阿托品)及行为干预(增加户外活动),但仍存在依从性不佳、副作用明显等局限。随着科技的高速发展,显示设备和技术得到了迅速的发展,如虚拟远像装置(virtual distant viewing device, VDVD)、虚拟现实(VR),科技模拟光学信号(周边离焦和对比度信号)成为近视控制的新路线[10]。现笔者将虚拟光学技术对脉络膜结构的影响进行综述。

2. 脉络膜变化在近视发生发展中的作用研究

随着OCT成像技术发展,近年扫频源OCT (SS-OCT)出现,其无创、扫描分辨率及速度高,含多种算法包含基于共聚焦的眼动追踪算法、SS-OCTA算法、全层去投射伪影算法、基于深度学习的Deep Layer分层算法等技术,能提供真实血流信息,可更全面准确获取脉络膜详细信息。几项研究表明:Hao Wu [11]等人用SS-OCT研究发现,近视成年人度数越高脉络膜血管毛细血管血液灌流越低,这些变化与近视的严重程度和脉络膜变薄相关,表明人类近视时视网膜血流会受到影响;Zhou [12]等人用SS-OCT发现脉络膜血流与年龄呈显著负相关,并且进一步发现脉络膜血流在中心凹处减少得更为显著,但脉络膜厚度及血流与年龄关系待阐明。

早期对近视动物模型研究发现,短期的远视离焦使脉络膜变薄、眼轴增长,近视离焦则相反。近视离焦引起快速脉络膜增厚并导致长期的眼轴增长速率减慢和远视的发展[7]。多篇研究证实脉络膜厚度与近视程度、眼轴长度紧密相关,如Karapetyan A [13]和Bhayana [14]等人发现其与屈光度正相关、与眼轴长度负相关;Jin等人[15]使用SS-OCT分析显示,近视组脉络膜比正视组薄,并且近视组中脉络膜血流与厚度变化也有相关变化。近年来,巩膜缺氧与近视相关研究为脉络膜血流对近视的影响提供新证据,如Wu等人[16]发现抗缺氧药物可抑制近视发展,人巩膜成纤维细胞处于低氧环境会导致巩膜重塑;我们团队[17]也发现缺氧与巩膜重塑相关。脉络膜血流减少会使巩膜缺氧,促进近视和眼轴延长[18];Zhang等人[19]在豚鼠模型中发现近视眼中脉络膜厚度与血流灌注正相关。

但目前关于脉络膜血流与屈光度和眼轴长度的关系尚无定论。Scherm等人[20]研究发现中心凹下脉络膜毛细血管血流与屈光度、眼轴长度无显著相关;而Wu (2021)等人[11]发现脉络膜血流与二者变化呈负相关;Li (2021)等人[21]随访研究发现近视儿童随近视进展脉络膜血流密度降低、厚度变薄,但缺乏正视儿童对照。因此,脉络膜血流与屈光度及眼轴关系待深入研究,儿童近视脉络膜结构与血流改变的研究更具重要意义。

3. 近视相关环境因素与控制手段对脉络膜的影响研究

3.1. 近视相关环境因素对脉络膜的影响研究

研究表明儿童近视与近距离用眼、户外光照强度、睡眠时间等用眼行为相关,而最近的研究中发现近视相关行为因素可能对脉络膜造成影响。Chang等人[22]在研究中发现与正视组、远视组相比较,近视组儿童在30分钟近距离阅读后出现脉络膜变薄和血液灌注减少。脉络膜血管和脉络膜毛细血管灌注对儿童和年轻人近距离工作的反应不同。对近距离工作的反应在时间特征和变化幅度上并不相同。对近距离工作的最初反应在儿童的绒毛膜毛细血管中观察到,而在成人的中、大血管中观察到[23]。近距离用眼后,人眼的屈光状态出现小幅度的、暂时性的近视漂移现象,称为近距离用眼诱导的短暂性近视(NITM)。

3.2. 近视相关控制手段对脉络膜的影响研究

近年来,基于光学离焦技术和对比度信号控制近视原理,角膜塑形镜、多区正向光学离焦节段框架眼镜等近视防控手段在临床广泛应用。

低浓度阿托品、周边离焦框架眼镜等为近视控制提供有效手段,但作用靶点及具体机制不明。近期阿托品治疗的动物实验和临床研究发现,阿托品对近视的作用靶点可能在脉络膜[24] [25],因为使用阿托品会使脉络膜增厚、血流灌注压增加。此前研究表明视网膜离焦会导致脉络膜厚度变化[26],而角膜塑形镜和周边离焦框架眼镜使视网膜持续周边近视离焦,利于控制近视进展。Zhang [27]等人和Chen [28]等人发现佩戴角膜塑形镜可使脉络膜增厚、眼轴增长减缓,控制近视度数。Jinhua Bao (2022) [29]等为期2年随访的临床研究证实基于微透镜设计的周边离焦框架眼镜对近视控制有效。

4. 模拟光学技术在近视发生发展中的作用研究

随着科技的发展,基于光学离焦技术和对比度信号控制近视的原理,模拟光学信号应用于临床如虚拟现实(VR)、虚拟远像技术等措施这些用于控制近视的光学干预措施对脉络膜的影响日益成为相关研究的焦点。

4.1. 虚拟现实(VR)技术的应用

虚拟现实(virtual reality, VR)是指用户通过头戴式显示器和可穿戴设备与虚拟三维(3D)世界进行交互体验。VR的优势显而易见,可以不受时间、地点以及空间的限制。该技术已广泛应用于教育、娱乐、医学、工业工程和商业领域以及各种民用领域[30] [31]。Shibata等[32] [33]发现,在开发的显示器上观看立体3D图像后,视力会增加,这促使Zhao等[34]提出了专门设计的VR设备可能有助于预防近视的假设。

VR可延缓近视发生发展可能与以下几个方面有关:① 调节–集合训练:通过虚拟物体的远近移动以及大小的变换,引导用户进行睫状肌与眼外肌训练,训练睫状肌,缓解睫状肌痉挛,缓解视疲劳[35],改善调节滞后。② 模拟周边离焦状态:既往研究表明周边视网膜离焦信号可影响眼轴生长。VR可模拟周边离焦状态,产生近视性离焦以抑制眼轴增长,但其技术实现与长期效果仍需验证[36]。③ 户外光照模拟[37]:儿童每天至少暴露于10,000勒克斯的照度下三小时可以有效延缓近视的发生发展[38],但目前尚未形成临床共识。④ 行为监控与认知干预,实时反馈系统:结合眼动追踪,监测用眼距离与时长,通过提示纠正不良姿势。既往研究提示VR有利于近视控制,但使用VR可能诱发干眼等[39],虽然未带来明显副作用,但未来仍然需要更多设计严谨的动物实验和临床研究来验证。

4.2. 虚拟远像技术的应用

虚拟远像光屏通过光学成像原理,将电子屏幕内容模拟成远距离视物状态,可以在30 cm的距离上投射出3 m以上成像距离的虚像,使观看者的眼部调节处于放松状态,避免诱发近视的环境因素。

虚拟远像光屏可延缓近视发生发展可能与以下几个方面有关:① 缓解视疲劳:甄毅[40]等人在使用虚拟远像技术在健康成人中展开了一系列研究,使用远像光屏(实验组)和看纸质书本(对照组)对比,发现使用远像光屏进行阅读不影响阅读效率且不额外增加视疲劳的程度,能够避免近距离阅读印刷品引起的NITM,近距离用眼后发生的短期远点近视性移动被称为近距离用眼诱导的短暂性近视(nearwork induced transient myopia, NITM)。NITM被认为是近视发生、发展的重要原因;② 调节功能改善:使用远像光屏后患者视物在视网膜成像为远距离,有效缓解患者视近物引起的NITM。Zhen Yi (2024) [41]等人在此基础上进一步研究,发现实验组脉络膜厚度在3 mm内明显增加,发现虚拟远像技术可以在不增加视疲劳的情况下,防止近视眼导致近视度数增加,改善调节功能。且提示改善近距离阅读与脉络膜厚度和血流有关。

③ 脉络膜与近视控制:Lu Ma [42]等人在使用远距离光学成像工作台在8~10岁儿童中展开了一系列研究,与传统的近距离工作模式相比,远距离工作模式对近视儿童的调节参数和脉络膜参数有有益的影响。远距离光学成像对于脉络膜厚度的影响及其与近视进展的关系仍然有待进一步阐明。

与VR对比,虚拟远像光屏避免了头戴设备的束缚感和视觉辐辏调节冲突问题,但是与传统的近视防控措施相比,真实世界中引起的眼部效应,科技现无法完全模拟,但是它提供了电子屏幕使用的“折中方案”,短期研究显示出改善调节功能和缓解视疲劳的潜力,还需长期实验验证其长期有效性和安全性。

综上所述,越来越多的有力证据证明脉络膜厚度和血流的改变可作为评价控制近视发生发展的潜在疗效指标。现目前科技渗透我们生活的方方面面,改变着我们的生活,虚拟光学技术对脉络膜结构变化的影响及应用将是今后近视防控研究的一个重点,虚拟光学技术的应用给我们提供了更多的近视控制手段的选择,但具体的效果还需进一步研究证明。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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