系统性硬化症–重叠综合征患者的临床特点及影响因素分析
Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Systemic Sclerosis Overlap Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.163819, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 黄 木*, 王 旭, 覃 芳, 雷 玲#:广西医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科,广西 南宁;谭玉梅*:北海市人民医院风湿免疫科,广西 北海
关键词: 系统性硬化症重叠综合征临床特点影响因素Systemic Sclerosis Overlap Syndrome Clinical Characteristics Influencing Factors
摘要: 目的:探讨系统性硬化症(SSc)合并重叠综合征(SSc-OS)的临床特征及相关影响因素,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法:收集2019年1月1日至2023年12月31日广西医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科住院SSc患者的临床资料,按是否合并OS分为OS组与非OS组。比较两组在人口学特征、临床表现及实验室检查方面的差异,采用二元Logistic回归分析SSc-OS的独立影响因素,进一步将OS组分为SSc-IIM组、SSc-SS组及其它组进行亚组分析,最后通过Kaplan-Meier曲线比较两组患者的生存差异。结果:共纳入298例SSc患者,平均发病年龄为(51.8 ± 11.9)岁,男女比例为1:1.9;其中弥漫型202例(67.8%)、局限型92例(30.9%)、无皮肤型4例(1.3%)。SSc-OS患者66例(22.1%),其中重叠特发性炎性肌病(IIM)28例(42.4%)、干燥综合征(SS) 20例(30.3%)、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE) 7例(10.6%)、类风湿关节炎(RA)5例(7.6%),另有6例(9.1%)同时重叠了3种结缔组织病。与非OS组相比,OS组中口眼干燥、消化道症状、肌肉受累、肾功能不全及抗Ro-52抗体阳性比例更高,而血红蛋白、白蛋白及补体C3水平较低,抗Scl-70抗体阳性率较低(均P < 0.05)。OS组糖皮质激素(GC)使用剂量及羟氯喹、沙利度胺应用率显著增加(均P < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,口眼干燥及肌肉受累为SSc-OS的危险因素,抗Scl-70抗体阳性为保护因素。亚组分析显示,SSc-SS组中男性患者比例、MRSS评分及喝酒人数比例均低于SSc-IIM组,而抗Ro-52抗体阳性的比例高于SSc-IIM组,口眼干燥的比例明显高于另两组,此外,SSc-IIM组肌肉受累的比例高于另两组(均P < 0.05)。平均随访2.5 (1.4, 4.0)年,两组在生存时间与死亡率方面无统计学差异(均P > 0.05)。OS组死亡的主要原因为间质性肺病合并感染,占50%。结论:SSc-OS的发生率为22.1%,以重叠IIM及SS最为常见。此类患者更易出现口眼干燥、消化道症状、肌肉受累、肾功能不全及抗Ro-52抗体阳性,糖皮质激素使用剂量相对较高。口眼干燥与肌肉受累是SSc-OS发生的危险因素,抗Scl-70抗体阳性具有潜在保护作用。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and influencing factors of systemic sclerosis-overlap syndrome (SSc-OS) and provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and management. Methods: Clinical data of SSc patients hospitalized in the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2023, were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into an OS group and a non-OS group according to the presence of overlap syndrome. Demographic data, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings were compared between the two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent influencing factors. The OS group was further stratified into SSc-IIM, SSc-SS, and other subgroups for subgroup analysis. Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to compare survival outcomes. Results: A total of 298 SSc patients were included, with a mean age of onset of 51.8 ± 11.9 years and a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.9. Diffuse cutaneous SSc accounted for 202 cases (67.8%), limited cutaneous SSc for 92 cases (30.9%), and sine scleroderma for 4 cases (1.3%). Among the 66 patients (22.1% ) with SSc-OS, the most common overlap was with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) in 28 cases (42.4%), followed by Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) in 20 cases (30.3%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 7 cases (10.6%), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 5 cases (7.6%). Additionally, 6 patients (9.1%) had overlap with three types of connective tissue diseases simultaneously. Compared with the non-OS group, the OS group had significantly higher frequencies of sicca symptoms, gastrointestinal involvement, muscle involvement, renal insufficiency, and anti-Ro-52 antibody positivity, and lower levels of hemoglobin, albumin, and complement C3, as well as a lower prevalence of anti-Scl-70 antibody positivity (all P < 0.05). The OS group received higher doses of glucocorticoids and had higher rates of hydroxychloroquine and thalidomide use (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified sicca symptoms and muscle involvement as risk factors for OS, while anti-Scl-70 antibody positivity was a protective factor. The subgroup analysis showed that in the SSc-SS group, the proportion of male patients, the MRSS score, and the proportion of alcohol drinkers were all lower than those in the SSc-IIM group. The proportion of positive anti-Ro-52 antibodies was higher than that in the SSc-IIM group, the proportion of sicca symptoms was significantly higher than that in the other two groups, and the proportion of muscle involvement in the SSc-IIM group was higher than that in the other two groups (all P < 0.05). During a median follow-up of 2.5 (1.4, 4.0) years, no significant differences in survival rate or survival time were observed between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Interstitial lung disease with infection was the leading cause of death in the OS group, accounting for 50% of cases. Conclusion: The incidence of SSc-OS was 22.1%, with IIM and SS as the most common overlaps. SSc-OS patients were more likely to present with sicca symptoms, gastrointestinal manifestations, muscle involvement, renal insufficiency, and anti-Ro-52 antibody positivity, and required higher glucocorticoid doses. Sicca symptoms and muscle involvement were independent risk factors for OS, whereas anti-Scl-70 antibody positivity was a protective factor.
文章引用:黄木, 谭玉梅, 王旭, 覃芳, 雷玲. 系统性硬化症–重叠综合征患者的临床特点及影响因素分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 525-536. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163819

1. 引言

系统性硬化症(Systemic Sclerosis, SSc)是一类以免疫失调、血管病变及多器官纤维化为主要特征的罕见结缔组织病。本病发病机制复杂,具有较高的内脏损害风险,严重威胁患者生活质量和生存,当其与其他结缔组织疾病(Connective Tissue Diseases, CTD)共存时,称为重叠综合征(Overlap Syndrome, OS) [1]-[3]。与单纯SSc相比,SSc-OS患者具有更加多样的临床表现,其疾病进程和器官受累模式也存在差异[4]。本研究通过回顾性收集广西医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科住院的SSc患者临床资料,分析其临床特征及影响因素,旨在为进一步推动对SSc-OS的临床认识和管理提供新的见解。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究回顾性收集2019年1月1日至2023年12月31日期间,在广西医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科住院的SSc患者临床资料。所有患者均需符合2013年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology, ACR)/欧洲类风湿病学会(European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, EULAR)发布的SSc诊断标准[5],OS患者需同时满足SSc及其他特定CTD的诊断标准,包括特发性炎性肌病(Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy, IIM) [6],干燥综合征(Sjögren’s Syndrome, SS) [7],系统性红斑狼疮(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE) [8]和类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA) [9]。此外,参考既往研究,我们将满足SSc-OS诊断且抗RNP抗体阳性的患者归入混合性结缔组织病(Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, MCTD)并排除[10] [11]。本研究经广西医科大学第一附属医学伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:2025-E1014),并免除签署知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 收集资料

从广西医科大学第一附属医院电子病历系统中提取患者一般资料,包括性别、首次于我科就诊年龄、起病年龄(出现第一个非雷诺现象的时间)、确诊年龄、身高、体重、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟史、饮酒史、疾病分型、改良Rodnan皮肤评分(Modified Rodnan Skin Score, mRSS)、肿瘤病史(包括发病前及病程中)、药物使用史、临床表现及合并其他CTD情况。

2.2.2. 实验室指标

收集患者白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(N%)、血红蛋白测定(HGB)、血小板计数(PLT)、白蛋白、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血沉(ESR)、补体C3、补体C4、免疫球蛋白IgG、免疫球蛋白IgA、免疫球蛋白IgM、抗核抗体(ANA)、抗Scl-70抗体、抗着丝点抗体(ACA)、抗Ro-52抗体。

2.2.3. 疾病分型

根据皮肤累及范围可将SSc分为弥漫型(dcSSc)、局限型(lcSSc)、无皮肤硬化型。dcSSc:皮肤增厚变硬超过肘、膝并达到其近端,甚至累及躯干,伴或不伴有颜面受累;lcSSc:皮肤增厚变硬通常由肢体末端向近心端发展,如局限在肘、膝以远时,伴或不伴有颜面受累;无皮肤硬化型:缺乏典型皮肤病变,但有雷诺现象、SSc特征性的内脏表现和血清学异常[1] [3]

2.2.4. 临床症状

呼吸系统症状:患者出现咳嗽、咳痰、喘气等至少一种呼吸系统症状,持续时间超过1月。消化道症状:患者出现吞咽困难、恶心反酸、腹痛腹胀等至少一种消化系统症状,持续时间超过1月。

2.2.5. 器官受累

心脏受累:通过心电图、超声、计算机断层扫描(CT)、核磁共振成像和冠脉造影术,发现患者出现心律失常、心包炎、心肌病、心肌梗死、心内膜–心肌纤维化、血栓形成、瓣膜功能不全和/或狭窄等。肌肉受累:患者出现近端肌肉无力或萎缩,且血清肌酶水平升高[12]。间质性肺病(Interstitial Lung Disease, ILD):胸部CT显示任何纤维化或磨玻璃样改变,或用力肺活量低于70% [11]。肺动脉高压(Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, PAH):右心导管检查发现平均肺动脉压 > 20 mmHg,或彩超提示肺动脉收缩压 ≥ 40 mmHg。硬皮病肾危象(Scleroderma Renal Crisis, SRC):定义为伴有快速进展性肾功能衰竭且无任何其他原因的恶性高血压[11]

2.2.6. 治疗方案

糖皮质激素(GC)、免疫抑制剂(包括羟氯喹、沙利度胺、环磷酰胺、吗替麦考酚酯、甲氨蝶呤、来氟米特、他克莫司)、生物制剂,以及是否使用扩张血管、抗纤维化及降肺动脉压药物治疗。

2.2.7. 分组及预后随访

根据患者有无OS分入OS组或非OS组,比较两组患者人口统计学、临床特点及实验室检查等。将OS组进一步分为SSc-IIM组、SSc-SS组及其它组,比较三组患者人口统计学、临床特点及实验室检查。截至2024年12月31日,收集患者在我院门诊就诊数据,对近期未在我院就诊的患者采用电话随访补充。若患者近期未在我院就诊且无法联系患者及家属进行确认,则定为失访人群。

2.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料符合正态分布,用均数 ± 标准差表示,组间比较采用采用独立样本t检验分析或方差分析;不满足正态分布,则用中位数 + 四分位数间距表示,组间比较采用秩和检验分析。分类变量用例数和百分比来表示,组间比较采用卡方检验分析。采用二元Logistic回归分析筛选独立影响因素。此外,考虑到失访对分析结果的影响,对失访人群分别进行最差(OS组失访人群全部死亡,非OS组存活)和最佳情况分析(非OS组失访人群全部死亡,OS组存活)。生存时间采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制曲线,差异以Log Rank检验评估。P < 0.05时认为有统计学差异。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组患者人口统计学、临床表现的比较

本研究共收集309例SSc患者,其中有11例患者在本研究中被考虑为MCTD排除。纳入的298例患者平均发病年龄为51.8 ± 11.9岁,男女比例为1:1.9,中位病程为13.0 (5.8, 48.0)个月,其中OS组有66 (22.1%)例患者,非OS组有232例(77.9%)。与非OS组相比,OS组的患者出现口眼干燥、肾功能不全、消化道症状、肌肉受累的比例增高。2组在发病年龄、诊断年龄、首次我科就诊年龄、性别、吸烟、喝酒、体重指数(BMI)、高血压、糖尿病、mRSS、疾病分型、雷诺现象、肢端溃疡、指端坏疽、关节受累、心脏受累、ILD、PAH、SRC、罹患肿瘤等指标上无统计学差异,见表1

Table 1. Comparison of demographic data and clinical manifestations between the two groups of patients

1. 两组患者人口统计学、临床表现的比较

非OS组(n = 232)

OS组(n = 66)

t/χ2/Z

P

发病年龄(岁)

52.1 ± 11.5

50.6 ± 13.5

0.74

0.460

诊断年龄(岁)

53.7 ± 10.9

52.6 ± 11.7

0.66

0.510

首次我科就诊年龄(岁)

55.4 ± 10.5

54.0 ± 11.2

0.918

0.359

性别(%)

0.219

0.640

81 (34.9%)

21 (31.8%)

151 (65.1%)

45 (68.2%)

吸烟(%)

60 (25.8%)

13 (23.2%)

0.154

0.695

喝酒(%)

53 (22.8%)

14 (25.0%)

0.117

0.732

BMI (kg/m2)

21.1 ± 3.1

20.6 ± 3.9

1.137

0.256

高血压(%)

27 (11.6%)

7 (10.6%)

0.054

0.816

糖尿病(%)

4 (1.7%)

1 (1.5%)

1

mRSS评分(分)

11 (6, 19)

8 (4.8, 15.3)

−1.736

0.083

疾病分型(%)

1.11

0.568

dcSSc

159 (68.5%)

43 (65.2%)

lcSSc

69 (29.7%)

23 (34.8%)

无皮肤型

4 (1.7%)

0

雷诺现象(%)

185 (79.7%)

55 (83.3%)

0.423

0.515

肢端溃疡(%)

63 (27.2%)

14 (21.2%)

0.947

0.330

指端坏疽(%)

32 (13.8%)

6 (9.1%)

1.021

0.312

口眼干燥(%)

17 (7.3%)

27 (40.9%)

42.79

<0.001

呼吸系统症状(%)

80 (34.9%)

22 (33.3%)

0.057

0.812

消化道症状(%)

37 (15.9%)

18 (27.3%)

4.378

0.036

心脏受累(%)

50 (21.6%)

11 (16.7%)

0.753

0.385

关节受累(%)

90 (38.8%)

30 (45.5%)

0.948

0.330

肌肉受累(%)

29 (12.5%)

38 (57.6%)

59.903

< 0.001

ILD (%)

194 (83.6%)

52 (78.8%)

0.833

0.361

PAH (%)

62 (26.7%)

20 (30.3%)

0.33

0.566

SRC (%)

5 (2.2%)

4 (6.1%)

1.508

0.219

肾功能不全(%)

24 (10.3%)

13 (19.7%)

4.133

0.042

肿瘤(%)

9 (3.9%)

3 (4.5%)

1

3.2. 两组患者实验室检查结果的比较

与非OS组相比,OS组出现抗Ro-52抗体阳性的比例增高,而HGB、白蛋白、补体C3降低,抗Scl-70抗体阳性的比例降低。两组在WBC、N%、PLT、CRP > 10 mg/L、ESR > 20 mm/h、补体C4、免疫球蛋白IgG、免疫球蛋白IgA、免疫球蛋白IgM、ANA、ACA等指标上无统计学差异,见表2

Table 2. Comparison of laboratory tests between the two groups of patients

2. 两组患者实验室检查的比较

非OS组(n = 232)

OS组(n = 66)

t/χ2/Z

P

WBC (109/L)

7.4 ± 2.5

7.4 ± 2.6

−0.219

0.827

N% (%)

66.7 ± 14.1

70.2 ± 13.8

−1.875

0.062

HGB (g/L)

117.1 (104.9, 128.2)

103.7 (95.3, 124.3)

−3.045

0.002

PLT (109/L)

290.3 ± 101.1

296.6 ± 136.0

−0.349

0.728

白蛋白 (g/L)

33.8 ± 4.7

31.7 ± 5.1

3.101

0.002

TC (mmol/L)

4.5 ± 1.1

4.3 ± 1.1

1.207

0.229

TG (mmol/L)

1.5 (1.0, 1.8)

1.5 (1.1, 2.2)

−1.301

0.193

CRP > 10 mg/L (%)

81 (34.9%)

27 (40.9%)

0.799

0.371

ESR > 20 mm/h (%)

146 (62.9%)

40 (60.9%)

0.118

0.731

补体C3 (g/L)

1.2 (1.0, 1.3)

1.1 (0.9, 1.3)

−2.388

0.017

补体C4 (g/L)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.1

1.562

0.119

免疫球蛋白IgG (g/L)

16.0 ± 6.5

17.0 ± 6.9

−1.079

0.281

免疫球蛋白IgA (g/L)

2.7 ± 1.2

2.9 ± 1.2

−1.554

0.121

免疫球蛋白IgM (g/L)

1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

1.3 (0.9, 1.9)

−0.696

0.486

ANA (%)

224 (96.6%)

62 (93.9%)

0.357

0.55

抗Scl-70抗体(%)

189 (80.5%)

40 (60.6%)

12.565

<0.001

ACA (%)

20 (8.6%)

5 (7.6%)

0.073

0.787

抗Ro-52抗体(%)

44 (19.0%)

29 (43.9%)

17.327

<0.001

3.3. SSc-OS的分类占比

66例OS患者中有28 (42.4%)例患者为IIM,20 (30.3%)例患者为SS,7 (10.6%)例患者为SLE,5 (7.6%)例患者为RA,剩余6 (9.1%)例患者重叠了3种CTDs。在IIM中有24例患者为皮肌炎(Dermatomyositis, DM),3例为多发性肌炎(Polymyositis, PM),1例为抗合成酶综合征,见表3

3.4. SSc-OS的治疗

治疗方面,与非OS组相比,OS组患者在GC使用剂量[20 (10, 25) mg vs. 25 (15, 30) mg, P < 0.05]及接受羟氯喹[16 (6.9%) vs. 10 (15.2%), P < 0.05]、沙利度胺[72 (31.0%) vs. 30 (45.5%), P < 0.05]的治疗比例上更高。两组在接受GC、环磷酰胺、吗替麦考酚酯、甲氨蝶呤、来氟米特、他克莫司以及生物制剂等药物治疗比例上无差异,同时在接受扩张血管、抗纤维化及降肺动脉压药物治疗比例上也无差异。

Table 3. The situation of SSc-OS patients with overlapping different disease types

3. SSc-OS患者重叠不同疾病类型情况

不同类型

例数

比例

IIM

28

42.4%

SS

20

30.3%

SLE

7

10.6%

RA

5

7.6%

IIM + SS

3

4.5%

IIM + RA

1

1.5%

SLE + RA

1

1.5%

SS + RA

1

1.5%

3.5. Logistic回归分析SSc-OS的独立影响因素

纳入两组人口统计学、临床表现和实验室检查比较的有差异的结果,进行二元Logistic回归分析,结果表明口眼干燥、肌肉受累、抗Scl-70抗体阳性是独立影响因素。口眼干燥及肌肉受累将分别增加11.476和11.188倍风险,而抗Scl-70抗体阳性则会降低0.278倍,见表4

Table 4. Analysis of independent influencing factors of SSc-OS

4. SSc-OS独立影响因素分析

B

sr

Wald

OR (95%CI)

P

口眼干燥

2.44

0.453

29.02

11.476 (4.723, 27.884)

<0.001

消化道症状

0.122

0.51

0.057

1.129 (0.416, 3.066)

0.811

肾功能不全

0.488

0.441

1.223

1.629 (0.686, 3.865)

0.269

肌肉受累

2.415

0.395

37.382

11.188 (5.159, 24.264)

<0.001

HGB

0.012

0.01

1.38

1.012 (0.992, 1.032)

0.240

白蛋白

0.078

0.044

3.092

1.081 (0.991, 1.179)

0.079

补体C3

−0.57

0.843

0.458

0.565 (0.108, 2.948)

0.499

抗Scl-70抗体

−1.281

0.429

8.901

0.278 (0.120, 0.644)

0.003

抗Ro-52抗体

0.522

0.409

1.632

1.686 (0.757, 3.757)

0.201

3.6. SSc-OS亚组分析

将OS组分为SSc-IIM组、SSc-SS组及其它组进行亚组分析,结果显示,SSc-SS组中男性患者比例、MRSS评分及喝酒人数比例均低于SSc-IIM组(P < 0.05);SSc-SS组中口眼干燥的比例明显高于另两组(P < 0.05);SSc-IIM组中肌肉受累的比例高于另两组,其它组中肌肉受累的比例高于SSc-SS组(P < 0.05);SSc-SS组中抗Ro-52抗体阳性的比例高于SSc-IIM组(P < 0.05)。三组在其它的指标比较中无统计学差异,见表5

Table 5. Subgroup analysis of SSc-OS

5. SSc-OS亚组分析

SSc-IIM组(n = 28)

SSc-SS组(n = 20)

其它组 (n = 18)

P

发病年龄(岁)

53.5 (49.3, 65.5)

50.5 (38.5, 55.5)

46.5 (35.0, 55.5)

0.068

诊断年龄(岁)

54.0 (49.3, 65.8)

51.0 (41.5, 56.0)

49.5 (38.0, 61.0)

0.167

首次我科就诊年龄(岁)

54.0 (51.0, 66.0)

51.5 (44.3, 57.8)

52.0 (45.0, 65.0)

0.262

性别(%)

0.012*

14 (50.0%)

2 (10.0%)

5 (27.8%)

14 (50.0%)

18 (90.0%)

13 (72.2%)

吸烟(%)

9 (32.1%)

1 (5.0%)

3 (16.7%)

0.054

喝酒(%)

10 (35.7%)

1 (5.0%)

3 (16.7%)

0.033*

BMI (kg/m2)

19.7 (18.3, 21.2)

20.8 (19.6, 22.1)

20.4 (17.5, 22.4)

0.277

高血压(%)

3 (10.7%)

2 (10.0%)

2 (11.1%)

1

糖尿病(%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (5.6%)

0.276

mRSS评分(分)

13.0 (6.0, 22.8)

6.0 (4.0, 11.5)

8.0 (4.0, 12.5)

0.050*

疾病分型(%)

0.350

dcSSc

21 (75.0%)

13 (65.0%)

11 (55.0%)

lcSSc

7 (25.0%)

7 (35.0%)

9 (45.0%)

雷诺现象(%)

24 (85.7%)

19 (95.0%)

12 (66.7%)

0.059

肢端溃疡(%)

7 (25.0%)

5 (25.0%)

2 (11.1%)

0.517

指端坏疽(%)

3 (10.7%)

2 (10.0%)

1 (5.6%)

1

口眼干燥(%)

2 (7.1%)

20 (100.0%)

5 (27.8%)

< 0.001**

呼吸系统症状(%)

11 (39.3%)

7 (35.0%)

4 (22.2%)

0.479

消化道症状(%)

9 (32.1%)

5 (25.0%)

4 (22.2%)

0.734

心脏受累(%)

5 (17.9%)

4 (20.0%)

2 (11.1%)

0.745

关节受累(%)

12 (42.9%)

7 (35.0%)

11 (61.1%)

0.254

肌肉受累(%)

28 (100.0%)

2 (10.0%)

8 (44.4%)

< 0.001***

ILD (%)

22 (78.6%)

17 (85.0%)

13 (72.2%)

0.629

PAH (%)

7 (25.0%)

8 (40.0%)

5 (27.8%)

0.517

SRC (%)

2 (7.1%)

1 (5.0%)

1 (5.6%)

1

肾功能不全(%)

6 (21.4%)

2 (10.0%)

5 (27.8%)

0.392

肿瘤(%)

1 (3.6%)

2 (10.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.467

WBC (109/L)

7.7 ± 2.9

7.2 ± 2.2

7.3 ± 2.6

0.752

N (%)

72.4 (65.4, 80.0)

71.6 (60.0, 78.9)

65.6 (58.1, 85.2)

0.641

HGB (g/L)

110.5 (97.6, 124.6)

116.2 (95.8, 128.7)

97.5 (76.7, 105.8)

0.062

PLT (109/L)

291.9 (206.9, 403.6)

288.9 (187.2, 331.9)

308.2 (187.4, 439.9)

0.721

白蛋白(g/L)

32.3 (28.1, 34.6)

34.4 (30.7, 35.9)

30.6 (26.9, 35.1)

0.122

TC (mmol/L)

4.3 ± 1.1

4.2 ± 0.8

4.5 ± 1.3

0.615

TG (mmol/L)

1.7 (1.3, 2.3)

1.2 (0.8, 1.9)

1.6 (1.1, 2.1)

0.128

CRP > 10 mg/L (%)

11 (39.3%)

6 (30.0%)

10 (55.6%)

0.271

ESR > 20 mm/h (%)

19 (67.9%)

8 (40.0%)

13 (72.2%)

0.075

补体C3 (g/L)

1.1 (0.9, 1.3)

1.0 (0.9, 1.2)

1.0 (0.7, 1.2)

0.232

补体C4 (g/L)

0.3 (0.2, 0.4)

0.2 (0.2, 0.3)

0.2 (0.2, 0.3)

0.094

免疫球蛋白IgG (g/L)

15.9 (11.5, 17.8)

16.2 (10.3, 21.5)

16.0 (12.6, 24.7)

0.559

免疫球蛋白IgA (g/L)

2.5 (1.7, 3.2)

2.8 (2.2, 3.6)

3.2 (2.3, 4.1)

0.241

免疫球蛋白IgM (g/L)

1.2 (0.7, 1.5)

1.4 (1.0, 2.0)

1.6 (0.9, 2.1)

0.124

ANA (%)

24 (85.7%)

20 (100.0%)

18 (100.0%)

0.064

抗Scl-70抗体(%)

19 (67.9%)

9 (45.0%)

12 (66.7%)

0.231

ACA (%)

1 (3.6%)

3 (15.0%)

1 (5.6%)

0.443

抗Ro-52抗体(%)

7 (25.0%)

15 (75.0%)

7 (38.9%)

0.002****

*SSc-SS组中男性患者比例、MRSS评分及喝酒人数比例均低于SSc-IIM组(P < 0.05);**SSc-SS组中口眼干燥的比例明显高于另两组(P < 0.05);***SSc-IIM组肌肉受累的比例高于另两组,其它组肌肉受累的比例高于SSc-SS组(P < 0.05);****SSc-SS组抗Ro-52抗体阳性的比例高于SSc-IIM组(P < 0.05)。

3.7. SSc-OS的预后

随访0至6.0年,截至随访日期,中位随访时间为2.5 (1.4, 4.0)年,有28 (9.4%)例患者失访,非OS组中有24 (10.3%)例患者,OS组中有4 (6.1%)例。去除失访人群后,非OS组中共有38 (18.3%)人死亡,OS组有8 (13.0%)人死亡,两组无差异(P > 0.05)。进一步的敏感性分析表明最差情况下,两组死亡率无统计学差异[38 (16.4%) vs. 12 (18.2%), P > 0.05],最好情况下,非OS组死亡率高于OS组[62 (26.7%) vs. 8 (12.1%), P < 0.05]。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析显示2组在生存时间上也无差异(χ2 = 0.507, P = 0.476),见图1。在OS组中,有4 (50%)例患者因ILD合并感染死亡,其余1 (10%)例因SRC死亡,1 (10%)例因原发病致多器官衰竭死亡,1 (10%)例因心肌梗死死亡,1 (10%)例因心脏疾病(具体不详)死亡。

4. 讨论

研究报道显示,亚洲人群中SSc-OS的患病率为16.9%~26.8% [13] [14],而高加索人群中的患病率为4.8%~32.2% [4] [12] [15]-[20]。本研究中OS的患病率为22.1%,与既往研究结果基本一致。关于SSc的亚型构成,国内外大多数研究显示lcSSc更常见,其次为dcSSc [4] [11] [17] [21],但在本研究中,弥漫型SSc的比例反而更高。此外,本研究中男性患者比例亦明显偏高(男女比例1:1.9),而既往文献报道SSc的男女患病比例为1:(4~6) [3],且男性患者病情更重,更易发生弥漫型皮肤受累及重要脏器受累[22]。本研究患者人群的一些特征与当前研究存在差异,考虑与地域或种族不同等相关。因此,本研究结果更代表广西地区SSc患者的发病特点和人群特征。本研究中SSc-OS不同重叠亚组的性别比例存在差异,SSc-SS的男女比例为1:9,女性患者比例显著高于SSc-IIM组,这可能与不同CTDs固有的性别偏倚有关。

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis of survival differences for the two groups

1. Kaplan-Meier曲线分析两组生存差异

SSc-OS的重叠类型在各研究中的构成比例有所不同,多项研究表明IIM或SS是最常见的重叠类型[15] [17] [21]。在本研究中,亦显示IIM 患者占比最高(42.4%),其次为SS,SLE和RA相对较少。本研究发现SSc-OS患者更易出现口眼干燥及肌肉受累,不过不同重叠类型在临床受累模式上并非完全一致,而是呈现出各自相对特异的靶器官分布,进一步的亚组分析显示,SScIIM以肌肉受累更为突出,且其MRSS评分较SSc-SS更高,提示SSc-IIM的皮肤受累程度及范围可能相对更重且更广;而SScSS组则更易出现口眼干燥,提示其临床表型更倾向于外分泌腺体受累。这些结果提示,SSc-OS不同重叠类型在临床受累模式上存在一定异质性。此外,本研究还发现SSc-OS患者更容易出现消化道症状和肾功能不全。Wielosz等[4]的研究表明,SSc-OS患者肾脏受累更多见,支持我们的结果,而Moinzadeh等[17]的研究显示,尽管SSc-OS组在消化道和肾脏受累的比例与lcSSc组无显著差异,但低于dcSSc组(P < 0.05),这一结果与本研究有所不同。目前普遍认为dcSSc预后较差,且更容易早期累及多器官[3],本研究中SSc-OS患者消化道和肾脏受累比例较高,考虑与重叠IIM、SS等导致的系统性炎症相关。

本研究发现OS组患者HGB、白蛋白及补体C3均较非OS组降低。通常来说,HGB和白蛋白在一定程度上可反映患者的慢性炎症及营养状况[23],而补体C3变化主要与免疫激活状态密切相关。Dziedzic等[24]的研究发现HGB的下降可能与SSc患者全身炎症及内皮损伤引发的氧化失衡密切相关,这提示本研究中OS患者可能存在持续的多系统炎症及内皮损伤。此外,Esposito等[25]发现单纯SSc患者中低补体血症通常与疾病活动无显著关联,但在存在SSc-OS人群中,低补体水平却与疾病活动度增加、器官受累加重等临床特征显著相关,反映出重叠疾病对免疫系统的额外激活作用。综上,SSc-OS患者由于同时存在其他CTDs的免疫机制,可能呈现持续的多系统炎症、内皮损伤及免疫系统的额外激活。

本研究发现,OS组中抗Ro-52抗体阳性的比例显著升高,而抗Scl-70抗体阳性的比例则显著降低,这与多项研究中的观察结果一致[4] [11] [21]。亚组分析结果显示,SSc‑SS组中抗Ro‑52抗体阳性率显著高于另外两组,这提示该抗体可能更多代表了SS相关的免疫特征在SSc‑OS中的体现。此外,在多因素分析中,抗Scl-70抗体阳性被发现是SSc-OS的保护因素,不过在亚组分析中,疾病分型及抗Scl-70抗体阳性在三组中无统计学差异,这可能提示SSc-OS患者的疾病谱可能较少表现出典型的“高Scl-70阳性、弥漫型皮肤受累及快速进展”的SSc表型,而更倾向于与其他CTDs重叠的多系统炎症表型。

本研究发现,与非OS组相比,OS组使用GC的剂量更大,且接受羟氯喹、沙利度胺治疗的患者比例更高。Gama等[11]的研究则显示,SSc-OS患者GC、甲氨蝶呤和来氟米特的处方比例更高。总体来看,这些结果均提示SSc-OS患者临床表现更加多样,系统受累更为广泛,尤其是皮肤、肌肉和关节的受累,往往促使临床医生使用较高剂量的GC和更多种类的免疫抑制剂。与Gama等[11]的研究相似,本研究中两组患者在接受环磷酰胺、吗替麦考酚酯以及生物制剂治疗的比例上并无显著差别,这提示OS患者可能出现严重并发症的比例未明显增加。在实践中,尽管本研究未观察到OS组预后更差,但在SSc-OS患者中使用中大剂量GC时,仍需密切监测肾功能和血压,以降低肾危象等并发症风险。

本研究还发现,患者死亡多与SSc的主要并发症有关,死亡原因多见于ILD合并感染。两组患者在死亡率及生存时间上均无显著差异,进一步对死亡率的敏感性分析表明OS组的预后不劣于非OS组,这与Gama等[11]的研究结论一致。本研究中SSc患者出现OS多为IIM或SS,合并SLE及重症并发症不多见,亦考虑到本研究样本量有限且存在一定比例失访,未来仍需在更大规模、随访更完整的队列中进一步确认这一结论。

综上所述,我们发现SSc-OS的发生率为22.1%,IIM占比最高,其次为SS,SLE与RA则较低。SSc-OS患者更容易出现口眼干燥、消化系统症状、肌肉受累、肾功能不全及抗Ro-52抗体阳性,治疗上GC使用量增加,死亡率及生存时间上无差异。在临床实践中,SSc患者出现肌肉症状、口眼干燥或抗Scl-70阴性,应提高对OS的警觉并尽早进行相关CTDs的筛查。

致 谢

我们衷心感谢广西医科大学第一附属医院风湿免疫科各位老师和同事在本研究过程中给予的大力支持和帮助。

基金项目

广西重点研发计划(桂科AB25069029);广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCSW2025270)。

NOTES

*共一作者。

#通讯作者。

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