PRG4:一个“多面手”蛋白的研究进展与 未来展望
PRG4: Research Progress and Future Perspectives of a “Versatile” Protein
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.163828, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 钟浩云, 封 初, 李 莉*:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安;榆林市第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科,陕西 榆林;何 达, 高 隆, 刘春娥:榆林市第一医院呼吸与危重症医学科,陕西 榆林
关键词: 蛋白多糖-4重组人PRG4细胞外基质Toll样受体Proteoglycan 4 rhPRG4 ECM TLRs
摘要: 蛋白多糖-4 (proteoglycan 4, PRG4)是由软骨细胞、滑膜成纤维细胞等多种细胞分泌的黏蛋白样糖蛋白,其结构包含黏蛋白样重复序列、somatomedin B样结构域与hemopexin样结构域。PRG4不仅在关节润滑与机械保护中发挥核心作用,还具有调控细胞粘附与迁移、调节炎症反应等多重功能。近年来研究显示,PRG4在慢性阻塞性肺疾病、骨关节炎、心血管疾病、代谢性疾病、风湿免疫疾病及肿瘤等多种病理过程中表达异常,并参与疾病的发生与发展。其在滑液、血清及组织中的水平变化与疾病严重程度相关,提示PRG4具有作为疾病生物标志物的潜力。此外,重组人PRG4 (rhPRG4)在一些实验模型中也展现其治疗潜力。本文将对PRG4的结构、功能及其在多种疾病中的作用机制与研究进展进行系统综述。
Abstract: Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) is a mucin-like glycoprotein secreted by various cell types, including chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Its structure comprises mucin-like repeat domains, a somatomedin B-like domain, and a hemopexin-like domain. PRG4 not only plays a central role in joint lubrication and mechanical protection but also exhibits multiple functions, such as regulating cell adhesion and migration as well as modulating inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that PRG4 is aberrantly expressed in a variety of pathological conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, tumors, and rheumatic immune diseases, and is involved in their pathogenesis and progression. The alterations in PRG4 levels in synovial fluid, serum, and tissues correlate with disease severity, suggesting its potential as a disease biomarker. Furthermore, recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) has demonstrated therapeutic potential in several experimental models. This article aims to systematically review the structure and functions of PRG4, as well as its mechanisms of action and research progress in various diseases.
文章引用:钟浩云, 封初, 何达, 高隆, 刘春娥, 李莉. PRG4:一个“多面手”蛋白的研究进展与 未来展望[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 609-617. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163828

1. 引言

PRG4作为一种细胞外基质蛋白,在许多器官、组织和细胞中存在,重复序列结构及特殊结构域决定其除了关节润滑与机械保护作用,还具有调控细胞粘附与迁移、调节炎症反应等其它生物功能。随着科技及研究人员能力的提高,对于PRG4结构、功能以及作用机制研究取得了一些新的突破,但在具体疾病的作用机制研究较少,尤其是在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中。PRG4在滑液、血清及组织中的表达水平与疾病进展程度相关,表明它有望成为反映疾病状态的生物标志物。另外,重组人rhPRG4在实验模型中展现出抗炎、抗纤维化及促进组织修复的作用,为相关疾病的治疗提供了新思路。因此,本文就PRG4的结构、功能及其在多种疾病中的作用机制与研究进展做一综述,以期为后续基础与临床研究提供参考。

2. PRG4的结构、分布

PRG4又名润滑素,1981年被David Swann等人发现并命名,它最初是从牛关节液中纯化而来,长度约173 nm,浓度约29 g/L [1] [2]。它是由浅表区分层到中间区的软骨细胞和滑膜成纤维细胞及腱鞘细胞分泌所分泌的一种粘液糖蛋白[3]-[5]。PRG4除了有许多粘蛋白样结构域的重复序列,还有N端的somatomedin B样结构域和C端的hemopexin样结构域,有研究发现,somatomedin B样结构域与细胞增殖有关,hemopexin样结构域与润滑素的高阶结构及其对关节表面的吸附有关[6]-[9]。这些研究表明PRG4除了为软骨表面提供润滑功能外还具有其它多种功能。PRG4不仅在骨骼和软骨中表达,在许多器官、组织和细胞中也有它的存在,包括肺脏、心脏、肝脏、大脑、唾液腺、巨噬细胞[10]-[12]

3. PRG4的功能

3.1. 润滑与机械保护功能

PRG4的核心功能是提供高效的边界润滑。它通过吸附在软骨表面形成分子层,能显著降低滑动界面的摩擦系数(μ ≈ 0.04),即使在高达1.2 MPa的压力下仍能维持低摩擦状态,从而有效减少软骨间的直接接触与摩擦损伤,防止软骨磨损[13]-[15]。当润滑功能受损时,例如在炎症环境下,白细胞介素-1α (IL-1α)等炎性因子会抑制软骨自身的PRG4表达,则会导致其边界润滑能力下降[16]

除了润滑作用以外,PRG4还发挥着直接的机械保护作用。在细胞层面,有研究表明PRG4的缺失会导致关节摩擦增加,进而引发软骨表层及中间层细胞作为细胞凋亡标志的caspase-3激活,而补充PRG4则可逆转此机械损伤[17]

3.2. 细胞粘附与迁移调控功能

PRG4作为一种重要的润滑蛋白,在调控细胞粘附与迁移方面发挥着核心作用,这一功能在多种生理病理过程中均有体现。在肿瘤转移方面,PRG4表现出显著的抑制作用。研究表明,在肝细胞癌(HCC)中,PRG4的低表达会通过增强上皮–间质转化(EMT)来促进细胞迁移,而其高表达或使用重组人PRG4 (rhPRG4)则能直接抑制HCC细胞的迁移活性[18]

在抑制组织纤维化方面,PRG4通过调控肌成纤维细胞的形成与功能发挥关键作用。rhPRG4能显著降低转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)诱导的成纤维细胞迁移,并减少肌成纤维细胞标志物α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达及黏着斑(FAs)的大小[19]。在关节滑膜中,PRG4的缺失会导致胶原蛋白I等纤维化标志物表达升高,而重新表达PRG4可逆转此效应,该抗纤维化作用被证明部分依赖于CD44受体。这一抗粘附与抗纤维化作用在其他组织中也得到验证,例如PRG4能减少心包粘连和纤维化,并通过降低胶原收缩和肌成纤维细胞活性来维持组织完整性[20];在伤口模型中,rhPRG4可加速愈合并减轻纤维化反应,进一步凸显了其调控细胞外基质粘附的功能[21]

3.3. 炎症反应调节功能

PRG4可以通过多种机制来调节炎症反应,其中最重要途径之一是抑制Toll样受体(TLRs)介导的抗炎作用。有研究表明PRG4可直接结合并拮抗TLR2和TLR4,阻断其介导的炎症信号通路,能够显著抑制单钠尿酸盐(MSU)诱导的THP-1巨噬细胞炎症反应(如IL-1β分泌减少)和机械性痛觉过敏[22]。PRG4还能下调促炎因子及基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs):在骨关节炎滑膜细胞中,rhPRG4通过CD44依赖性途径抑制IL-1β诱导的MMP-1/3/9/13、IL-6、IL-8和COX2表达(p < 0.001) [23]。此外,有研究发现,PRG4通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体通路可以减轻出血性休克(HS)诱导的心肌线粒体功能障碍和氧化应激[24]。综上所述,PRG4通过多靶点、多通路机制在炎症反应中发挥核心调节作用。

4. PRG4与肺部相关疾病

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)是最常见的、严重威胁健康的呼吸系统疾病,也是全球三大死亡原因之一,造成了巨大的社会经济和医疗负担[25]。1990年至2017年,全球因COPD死亡人数增加了23%,预计到2060年,COPD及相关疾病死亡人数将增至540万[26]

从病理学来看,COPD与炎症细胞的浸润和气道重塑的过程密不可分,在炎性渗出物的阻塞和组织修复的双重作用下使得小气道管壁增厚、管腔变窄,出现不完全可逆性和进行性气道阻塞[27]。具体来说,COPD的气道重塑涉及气道上皮层和其下方的细胞外基质(ECM) [28]。ECM在COPD病理过程中扮演着至关重要的角色。而ECM成分主要是靠成纤维细胞来产生以及维持的。有研究结果显示,慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的成纤维细胞在蛋白聚糖的生成上存在异常,这可能有助于疾病的发展[29]。PRG4作为一种蛋白聚糖,可能通过参与气道组织结构和抑制病理性纤维化过程,在COPD中发挥保护性作用。

Lee KY等通过对61例COPD患者和15例健康对照者血清PRG4和CRP水平进行比较,发现COPD患者血清PRG4水平升高比健康对照组更加明显,在对COPD组进行GOLD分级后发现,1 + 2和3 + 4期中PRG4的血清浓度分别为10.29 ng/mL和13.20 ng/mL,健康对照为4.99 ng/mL (p < 0.05),健康吸烟者为4.49 ng/mL (p < 0.05),提示血清PRG4的水平与病情的严重程度呈正相关;还发现PRG4在确认COPD严重性和急性加重频率方面比CRP更敏感且更具特异性;并且观察到预测FVC%的1年变化与PRG4水平呈负相关(R2 = 0.91, p = 0.013) [30]

罗湘等人研究表明PRG4在COPD患者血清中表达,可能成为一项潜在的炎症标志物;联合检测血清PRG4、淀粉样蛋白A指标,对判断慢阻肺急性加重有一定的价值[31]

5. PRG4与骨关节疾病

骨关节疾病会降低老年人的生活质量,其中骨关节炎(OA)以关节软骨退化为特征,正是这类疾病的代表。PRG4作为关节滑液的主要组分,是维持关节稳态的核心分子,其通过提供边界润滑以减少软骨表面的摩擦力,并与透明质酸协同维持滑液粘度,从而确保关节活动顺畅[15] [32]。有研究表明,PRG4在OA患者滑液中的浓度显著改变,且其水平变化与滑液黏度降低、炎症因子升高直接相关[32]。有研究发现,在马腕骨关节炎模型中,滑液润滑素浓度与软骨退变呈负相关[33]。还有研究发现,雌性小鼠OA模型中MMP-13/PRG4比值升高与更严重的软骨降解相关,表明该比值可能反映OA进展的生物活性[34]。以上研究表明,血清PRG4可能是与OA密切相关的生物标记物。

Waller等学者发现,rhPRG4组在胫骨内侧平台的宏观软骨损伤显著低于PBS对照组(p = 0.002)。rhPRG4 + 透明质酸组和PBS组之间无差异(p = 0.23)。然而,三组之间未观察到显微损伤评分差异(p = 0.70)。与PBS组相比,rhPRG4组滑液的PRG4生成升高(p = 0.033)。与PBS (p = 0.013)和rhPRG4 + 玻尿酸(p = 0.011)组相比,rhPRG4组的尿CTX-II水平显著较低,但血清水平则无异常。在血清和滑液中,rhPRG4组(p = 0.006; p = 0.017)和rhPRG4 + 透明质酸组(p = 0.009; p = 0.03)均表现出IL-1β水平降低,该研究表明关节内注射rhPRG4可能减缓创伤后骨关节炎的进展[35]。PRG4缺失模型中软骨下骨的早期结构改变可能提示其作为OA关节多组织病变的预测因子[36]。这种改变可能早于明显的软骨退变,为关节病变的早期干预提供窗口。

J Krawetz等学者发现rhPRG4可能影响纤维化反应、血管生成/损伤部位血流、巨噬细胞炎症动态、免疫招募及成人间充质前体细胞(MPCs)增殖,可以促进MPCs的软骨分化形成受伤耳部耳软骨支架[21]。并且PRG4调控的通路在伤口愈合反应偏向再生与修复之间存在差异,这一发现有潜力改善结缔组织损伤后的愈合[21]

6. PRG4与心血管疾病

在心血管系统中,PRG4扮演着重要的调控角色,其功能异常与多种疾病进程相关。在动脉粥样硬化方面,PRG4表现出关键的保护作用。体内PRG4缺失会增强巨噬细胞功能,从而增加小鼠的动脉粥样硬化易感性[37]。PRG4在平滑肌细胞富集区域表达,参与血管重塑和内膜钙化过程,可以作为血管重塑的早期标志物,同时还有作为斑块表型临床标志物的可能[38]

PRG4在心脏及血管炎症调节中也起到了保护作用。有研究发现,PRG4具有润滑和抗炎特性,在心包组织中表达;rhPRG4可防止人类心脏肌纤维母细胞附着并降低肌纤维母细胞活性,心切除术后PRG4富集的心包液流失可能诱导粘连形成;心包内PRG4的治疗性恢复可能预防纤维性/炎症性粘连,并降低胸骨再入风险[20]

此外,PRG4与心脏瓣膜疾病存在一定的关联。它在主动脉瓣纤维化区域过度表达,可能参与瓣膜的纤维化和钙化病理过程[39]。当瓣膜发生损伤或感染时,血浆PRG4水平会显著升高,这提示其有潜力作为心内膜损伤和感染的生物标志物[40]

最后,在临床并发症方面,心脏手术后,长时间机械通气的婴儿血浆PRG4水平较低;PRG4水平较低与呼吸和临床结局较差相关;PRG4水平可能对心脏手术婴儿急性肺损伤具有预后价值[41]

7. PRG4与代谢性疾病

PRG4不仅局限于关节和心血管系统,其与代谢性疾病也存在着潜在的关联。PRG4在滑膜、肌腱和韧带等组织中均有表达,其缺乏可能通过影响这些组织的稳态而间接参与代谢紊乱的病理过程[42]。有研究指出,PRG4可能与肥胖及相关代谢疾病有关。Nahon等人通过研究发现,Prg4 mRNA在动脉粥样硬化病变中表达显著上调(91倍),且Prg4与人类病变巨噬细胞共定位;小鼠Prg4敲除型巨噬细胞的泡沫细胞形成增加(+2.1倍,p < 0.01);胆固醇外排相关基因ATP结合盒转运体A1和清道夫受体B1的表达水平降低导致胆固醇向高密度脂蛋白的外排功能以及载脂蛋白A1的外排功能受损;与野生型对照组相比,Prg4敲除巨噬细胞对脂多糖诱导的TNF α分泌升高也表现出受损(−31%, p < 0.001),表明炎症反应减弱[37]。以上提示PRG4可能通过调控脂代谢和炎症参与代谢性疾病的发生。

PRG4的抗炎与抗纤维化作用是其干预代谢性疾病的重要交叉机制。PRG4可通过抑制NF-κB信号通路,即降低p50和p65核转位来减少滑膜细胞的炎症和纤维化标志物α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和TGF-β1刺激胶原蛋白I (COL1A1)的表达[19] [23] [43]。这种抗纤维化作用可能对一些代谢性疾病(如非酒精性脂肪肝或糖尿病相关组织纤维化)具有一定的保护意义。类似地,在骨关节炎模型中,PRG4通过增加cAMP水平抑制α-SMA和胶原生成的机制,也可能适用于代谢性疾病中的异常组织重塑[43]

8. PRG4与脑部疾病

Gross等学者通过分析小鼠大脑发育过程中所有Prg的mRNA表达水平,涵盖海马体、新皮层、嗅球和小脑。发现每种Prg在时空表达模式上有不同的表现模式,并在大脑发育过程中发现了未被表征的Prg4表达较高[44]。与近亲PRG3和PRG5不同,PRG4不诱导非神经元细胞系的丝足生长,也不会定位于丝足的质膜[44]。PRG4在发育中和成年大脑中高表达,提示其对正常脑功能至关重要[44]。尽管PRG4与其他家族成员相似,但它并不参与细胞形态的改变,而更可能与细胞内信号传导相关[44]

9. PRG4与风湿免疫相关疾病

Das等人通过将干燥综合征患者的泪液和唾液蛋白质组与健康对照组进行画像和比较,评估二者整体蛋白质组变化,发现在干燥综合征患者的唾液中,PRG4浓度显著升高,且PRG4在人类腮腺中表达[12]。这一发现可能为干燥综合征的机制研究和治疗靶点提供新的方向。

10. PRG4与肿瘤

PRG4是黏液样脂肉瘤(MLS)特异性融合癌蛋白(TLS-CHOP和EWS-CHOP)的下游分子。外源性PRG4表达能增加裸鼠注射细胞的致瘤性,而siRNA介导的PRG4敲低可抑制肿瘤相关特性[45]。这表明PRG4可能在MLS细胞生长中发挥关键作用,并作为MLS治疗的候选靶点[45]

PRG4在肝细胞癌(HCC)中表达升高,尤其在经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)诱导的饥饿条件下,而低PRG4表达与TACE治疗反应不佳、较短生存期和增强的HCC细胞迁移相关[18]。Yuan等人通过实验证明,PRG4敲低通过增强上皮–间质转化(EMT)促进HCC细胞迁移,这表明PRG4表达预测HCC患者的生存率和TACE治疗反应,且PRG4可能作为接受TACE的HCC患者的生物标志物[18]

Erica等学者全面研究了一系列由滑液细胞和软骨基质组成的经过充分特征描述的肿瘤,发现其中7个肿瘤中存在融合,包括FN1::TEK (5例);FN1::PRG4 (2例);以及MALAT1:FN1、PDGFRA:USP35和TIMP3::ZCCHC7 (各1例) [46]。其中三个肿瘤包含超过1个融合(FN1::PRG4与TIMP3::ZCCHC7,FN1::TEK与FN1::PRG4,FN1::TEK与MALAT1::FN1融合),而这些融合可能影响肿瘤的进展和预后[46]

Sarkar等人研究发现,rhPRG4通过抑制下游透明质酸(HA)细胞表面分化44 (CD44)信号轴,抑制TGFβ (分泌型多肽转化生长因子β)诱导的癌细胞侵袭性[47]。TGFβ在癌症中既有肿瘤抑制作用,也有促进肿瘤的作用,因此犹如在癌症发生、发展中的一把双刃剑[48]

TGFβ在肿瘤发生的早期阶段通过诱导G1-S期细胞周期阻滞、促进细胞凋亡以及维持基因组稳定性,发挥强大的肿瘤抑制作用[49]。rhPRG4能抵抗TGFβ对HAS2和CD44的诱导,有助于下调肿瘤促进作用,同时保持TGFβ对肿瘤的抑制作用[47]。这些发现表明rhPRG4有着作为侵袭性和转移性乳腺癌的临床治疗潜力,可以被视为潜在的生物抗癌治疗理想候选。而在恶性肿瘤发生的晚期阶段,TGF-β则通过增强细胞转化、上皮间质转化、侵袭和转移,促进肿瘤发生[50]。Li等人发现Piezo1通过激活TGF-β信号通路促进肝细胞癌的进展,且与不良预后显著相关[51]。TGFβ在癌症的发生发展中发挥着双重作用,进一步探索其信号通路传导的复杂机制,对于癌症的靶向治疗方向和开发精准的抗癌策略有着不言而喻的重要意义。

11. 总结与展望

PRG4作为一种多功能的蛋白聚糖,在维持关节润滑、调控细胞行为、抑制炎症与纤维化等方面都具有重要的作用。其在肺部疾病、骨关节炎、心血管疾病、代谢性疾病、风湿免疫疾病及肿瘤等多种疾病中的表达变化与功能异常,提示PRG4不仅是疾病进程中的重要参与者,也可能成为潜在的生物标志物与治疗靶点。尤其是rhPRG4在实验研究中表现出的润滑、抗炎、抗纤维化及促进组织修复的作用,为其临床转化提供了实验依据。然而,目前关于PRG4的研究仍存在若干问题需要深入探索:1. PRG4与CD44、TLRs等受体的相互作用及其下游信号通路在各类疾病中的具体调控网络仍需进一步解析;2. rhPRG4的给药途径、剂量优化、长期安全性及在不同疾病模型中的疗效差异尚需更多临床前与临床研究验证;3. PRG4在血清、滑液等体液中的检测方法、临界值及其与疾病分期、预后的关系需建立统一标准。未来研究应该结合多组学技术与基因编辑模型,进一步揭示PRG4在疾病中的多维功能,推动其作为诊断工具与治疗策略的临床应用,为相关疾病的精准防治提供新的方向。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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