卡度尼利联合化疗一线治疗HER2阴性不可 切除的局部晚期或转移性胃/胃食管交界性腺癌疗效及安全性
Efficacy and Safety of Cabozantinib Combined Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment for HER2-Negative Locally Advanced or Metastatic Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.163836, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 赵丹彤:青岛大学青岛医学院,山东 青岛;陈 剑*:烟台毓璜顶医院肿瘤内科,山东 烟台
关键词: 卡度尼利单抗免疫治疗免疫检查点胃食管癌一线治疗Cadonilimab Immunotherapy Immune Check Points Gastroesophageal Cancer First-Line Treatment
摘要: 胃癌(GC)是全球癌症相关死亡率的重要原因,目前HER-2阴性不可切除的局部晚期或转移性胃/胃食管交界性(G/GEJ)腺癌的一线化疗的响应率低、预后差、生存获益有限,患者需要新的治疗策略。研究评估了卡度尼利单抗联合化疗方案在HER-2阴性不可切除的局部晚期或转移性G/GEJ腺癌患者一线治疗中的疗效及安全性。研究在烟台毓璜顶医院进行,招募了HER-2阴性不可切除的局部晚期或转移性G/GEJ腺癌的患者。试验的主要终点为无进展生存期(Progression-Free Survival, PFS),次要终点为总生存期(Overall Survival, OS),疾病控制率(Disease control rate, DCR),临床获益率(Clinical Benefit Rate, CBR)和安全性。采用常见不良事件通用术语标准5.0记录患者发生的不良反应并对其分级,由此探究卡度尼利单抗治疗中的疗效与安全性。2021年11月至2026年1月共筛选32例患者,2例患者被排除在外,30例患者符合纳入标准并完成了研究方案规定的治疗方案。患者接受卡度尼利单抗(10 mg/kg),每3周与XELOX (奥沙利铂和卡培他滨)联合使用,最多6个周期,然后继续使用卡度尼利单抗单药治疗,剂量相同。中位PFS为7.9个月,大多数irAE为1级或2级,没有治疗相关的死亡病例。卡度尼利单抗联合化疗在HER2阴性不可切除的局部晚期或转移性G/GEJ腺癌患者的一线治疗中具有良好的疗效和安全性,有望成为该人群一线治疗的新选择。
Abstract: Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Currently, first-line chemotherapy for HER-2-negative unresectable locally advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma has low response rates, poor prognosis, and limited survival benefits, necessitating new treatment strategies. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of cadonilimab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with HER-2-negative unresectable locally advanced or metastatic G/GEJ adenocarcinoma. The study was conducted at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital and enrolled patients with HER-2 negative unresectable locally advanced or metastatic G/GEJ adenocarcinoma. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), and secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), disease control rate (DCR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and safety. Adverse events were recorded and graded using the Common Adverse Events Criteria 5.0 to investigate the efficacy and safety of cadonilimab treatment. From November 2021 to January 2026, a total of 32 patients were screened. Two patients were excluded, and 30 patients met the inclusion criteria and completed the treatment regimen specified in the study protocol. Patients received cadonilimab (10 mg/kg) every 3 weeks in combination with XELOX (oxaliplatin and capecitabine) for a maximum of 6 cycles, followed by cadonilimab monotherapy at the same dose. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.9 months, most irAEs were grade 1 or 2, and there were no treatment-related deaths. cadonilimab in combination with chemotherapy demonstrated good efficacy and safety in first-line treatment of patients with HER2-negative unresectable locally advanced or metastatic G/GEJ adenocarcinoma, and is expected to become a new first-line treatment option for this population.
文章引用:赵丹彤, 陈剑. 卡度尼利联合化疗一线治疗HER2阴性不可 切除的局部晚期或转移性胃/胃食管交界性腺癌疗效及安全性[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 683-689. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163836

1. 引言

胃癌是全球第五大常见恶性肿瘤和第四大癌症死因,手术治疗是唯一的根治方式。但约三分之二的患者诊断时已进入晚期或转移期,导致预后极差和生存率低,五年生存率仅约36% [1]。胃癌的异质性和侵袭性加剧了治疗难度,使其成为消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。早期胃癌可通过手术有效管理[2],但多数患者发现即为晚期,依赖传统疗法如放疗和化疗(铂类联合氟尿嘧啶等方案),疗效有限,对生存期的改善不显著,且常伴随高毒性、耐药性和疾病快速进展,预后普遍较差,对更有效一线治疗有着迫切的需求[3]

免疫疗法通过调节宿主免疫系统和释放固有免疫力发挥作用,拥有持久响应、长期生存获益和较低毒性,为晚期胃癌患者带来新希望[4]。包括PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在内的免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)是目前胃癌免疫治疗的主要方向,主要通过阻断抑制性信号通路重新激活T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤作用,目前已由NCCN指南确定为特定条件下的一线治疗选择[5]。尽管如此,免疫治疗的临床响应率不高,且存在固有和获得性耐药[6]。作为有前景的治疗方案,免疫治疗需要开发更高效的策略来增强免疫响应[7]。目前,对于人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2)阴性、不可切除的局部晚期或转移性胃或胃食管交界处(G/GEJ)腺癌,抗程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1 (PD-1)联合化疗是一线标准治疗方式,这意味着仅有程序性死亡配体1 (PD-L1)高表达的患者才能获得更高的收益[8]。这不仅将受益人群限定在PD-L1高表达亚组,而且临床疗效并不理想,HER2阴性晚期G/GEJ腺癌的一线化疗或免疫治疗(如PD-1抑制剂)的中位总生存期(OS)通常不足1年[9],患者需要新的治疗策略。

卡度尼利单抗作为双特异性抗体,其核心作用机制在于其能够同时靶向并阻断两个关键的免疫抑制受体,即PD-1和CTLA-4。PD-1受体在T细胞、B细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞(DC)和自然杀伤细胞(NK)等多种免疫细胞中表达,其配体PD-L1或PD-L2则表达在抗原呈递细胞或肿瘤细胞上。PD-1与其配体结合,能够驱动T细胞功能障碍和肿瘤免疫逃逸。PD-1/PD-L1轴在调节免疫稳态中起着重要作用,并且被严格且动态地调控,以防止免疫系统过度激活[10]。CTLA-4是位于T细胞的细胞膜上的一类免疫检查点受体,在T细胞被激活后表达上升,通过与T细胞共刺激蛋白CD28竞争性结合抗原呈递细胞上的B7家族的B7-1与B7-2来抑制抗原呈递细胞对T细胞的激活,从而抑制T细胞的功能。因此,CTLA-4对保持正常的免疫稳态也具有重要作用[11]

卡度尼利采用了Fc-null设计,即把其结构中IgG的Fc段进行“功能沉默”或完全删除,使抗体在保留抗原结合能力的同时,不再与Fcγ受体介导免疫效应的分子结合。这种改变不仅能够降低全身毒性,还能提高药物在肿瘤组织中的保留时间,基于此可以表现出优于单药免疫治疗的潜力[12]

目前,卡度尼利单抗已在I期/II期临床试验中显示出良好的临床疗效和安全性,获益人群包括低PD-L1表达的患者。本研究旨在评估卡度尼利单抗联合化疗在HER-2阴性不可切除的局部晚期或转移性G/GEJ腺癌患者中的疗效和安全性,为临床实践提供具有参考价值的依据。

2. 研究对象

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients

1. 患者基线特征

特征

类别

患者

年龄

≥60岁

17 (56.7%)

<60岁

13 (43.3%)

性别

18 (60%)

12 (40%)

ECOG评分

0

6 (20%)

1

24 (80%)

肿瘤原发部位

27 (90%)

胃食管结合部

3 (10%)

转移器官数量

1~2

28 (93.3%)

≥3

2 (6.7%)

转移部位

8 (26.7%)

2 (6.7%)

3 (10%)

卵巢

5 (16.7%)

腹膜

8 (26.7%)

淋巴结(远处)

19 (63.3%)

肾上腺

2 (6.7%)

PD-L1 CAS评分

≥5

3 (10%)

<5

11 (36.7%)

未检测/数据缺失

16 (53.3%)

本试验是一项在烟台毓璜顶医院进行的单中心、单臂回顾性临床研究,计划纳入青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院收治的符合纳入标准的胃癌患者不少于30例,均为18~75岁的成年人,经组织学证实为HER2阴性不可切除的局部晚期或转移性G/GEJ腺癌,既往无系统治疗或辅助结束 > 6个月复发,ECOG体能状态评分为0或1,具有足够的器官功能,预计生存期 ≥ 3个月(见表1)。

3. 研究方法

患者接受卡度尼利单抗(10 mg/kg),每3周与XELOX (奥沙利铂和卡培他滨)联合使用,最多6个周期,然后继续使用卡度尼利单抗单药治疗,剂量相同,一直持续到疾病进展、出现不可接受的毒性反应或撤回知情同意书为止。试验经烟台毓璜顶医院伦理委员会批准,所有参与者均签署了书面的知情同意书。

4. 观察指标

主要终点为PFS,定义为首次给药至疾病进展或死亡以先发生的时间。次要终点为OS,定义为意向治疗人群(ITT)患者从随机化分组开始到因各种原因导致死亡之间的时间;DCR,定义为获得完全缓解、部分缓解或疾病稳定的患者比例;CBR,定义为完全缓解 + 部分缓解 + 疾病稳定的患者比例,其中SD ≥ 6个月,以及安全性。

5. 研究结果

5.1. 疗效结果

在治疗人群中,卡度尼利单抗联合化疗的中位PFS为7.9个月(95%CI 5.924~9.876,见图1),历史数据为7个月[13];中位OS为23.9个月(95%CI 19.098~32.702,图2),历史数据为14.1个月[13],DCR为90% (95%CI 73.47%~97.89%,见表2),历史数据为95.8% [14];CBR为50% (95%CI 31.30%~68.7%)。

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier PFS

1. Kaplan-Meier无进展生存期

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier OS

2. Kaplan-Meier总生存期

Table 2. Radiographic tumor response

2. 患者影像学肿瘤应答

疗效评价

CR

PR

SD

PD

N (%)

0 (0%)

10 (33.3%)

17 (56.7%)

3 (10%)

5.2. 安全性分析

卡度尼利单抗联合化疗的安全性特征与该组合的已知安全性特征一致[15],有76.7% (23/30)的患者发生了任何级别的治疗相关不良事件(irAE) (见表3),最常见的不良事件是血小板计数减少(43.3%)、中性粒细胞计数减少(33.3%)和贫血(26.7%),大多数1级或2级。其中有13.3% (4/30)的患者出现甲状腺功能减退,6.7% (2/30)出现甲状腺功能亢进,6.7% (2/30)出现高血糖。3级或以上治疗相关不良事件TRAE的发生率为10% (3/30),为血小板计数减少(2/30)和贫血(1/30)。不良反应能够通过及时的干预措施(如应用激素、暂停用药等)进行良好控制。

Table 3. Treatment-related adverse events

3. 治疗相关不良事件发生情况

TRAEs, n (%)

Grade 1~2

Grade 3~4

血液系统

血小板计数减少

11 (36.7%)

2 (6.7%)

白细胞计数减少

7 (23.3%)

0

中性粒细胞计数减少

10 (33.3%)

0

贫血

8 (26.7%)

1 (3.3%)

消化系统

肝功能异常

5 (16.7%)

0

腹泻

5 (16.7%)

0

TRAEs, n (%)

Grade 1~2

Grade 3~4

内分泌系统

甲状腺功能减退

4 (13.3%)

0

甲状腺功能亢进

2 (6.7%)

0

高血糖症

2 (6.7%)

0

皮肤

皮疹

2 (6.7%)

0

肌肉骨骼系统

关节痛

2 (6.7%)

0

6. 结论

卡度尼利单抗联合化疗在G/GEJ腺癌患者的一线治疗中得到了令人满意的疗效(中位PFS 7.9个月),不仅安全性特征良好,能够为患者提供新的治疗方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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