企业小股东权益保护的实务困境与出路探析——以第三人撤销之诉的制度短板与法务应对为中心

Analysis on the Practical Dilemma and Outlet of the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Small Shareholders in Enterprises—Focusing on the Institutional Shortcomings and Legal Response of the Third Party’s Revocation Lawsuit

摘要: 在当前我国公司治理实践中，控股股东滥用控制地位侵害小股东权益的现象屡见不鲜。其中，通过虚构债权债务、达成不当调解协议等方式损害公司及小股东利益的行为，具有较强的隐蔽性，其危害亦不容忽视。我国2012年《民事诉讼法》引入的第三人撤销之诉制度，意图为权益受损的案外人提供救济途径，然而本研究发现，该制度在司法实践中存在诸多适用障碍，其预设的救济功能未能充分实现。本文以一个典型案例切入“XX公司小股东维权案”，系统分析第三人撤销之诉在保护小股东权益方面存在的制度性短板，包括起诉门槛高、诉讼标的识别模糊、举证责任分配不合理以及与公司治理规则衔接不畅等问题，深入探讨了其与股东代表诉讼在应对生效裁判(尤其是调解书)方面的局限与互补性。基于此，本文从企业法务工作实际出发，构建了“事前预防–事中介入–事后救济”三位一体的风险防控体系，并提出了具体的立法完善建议，以期为健全股东权益司法保护体系、促进公司治理法治化提供参考。

Abstract: In the current practice of corporate governance in China, it is not uncommon for controlling shareholders to abuse their controlling status to infringe on the rights and interests of minority shareholders. Among them, the behavior of damaging the interests of the company and small shareholders by means of fictitious creditor’s rights and debts and reaching improper mediation agreements has strong concealment, and its harm cannot be ignored. The third party revocation lawsuit system introduced in China’s 2012 “Civil Procedure Law” is intended to provide relief channels for outsiders whose rights and interests are damaged. However, this study finds that there are many obstacles to the application of the system in judicial practice, and its preset relief function has not been fully realized. This paper takes a typical case of “XX company’s minority shareholder rights protection case”, systematically analyzes the institutional shortcomings of the third party’s revocation lawsuit in protecting the rights and interests of minority shareholders, including the high threshold of prosecution, the vague identification of litigation targets, the unreasonable distribution of burden of proof and the poor connection with corporate governance rules, and deeply discusses its limitations and complementarity with shareholder representative litigation in dealing with effective referees (especially mediation letters). Based on this, starting from the reality of corporate legal work, this paper constructs a three-in-one risk prevention and control system of “prevention in advance-intervention in the event-relief afterwards”, and puts forward specific legislative suggestions, in order to provide reference for improving the judicial protection system of shareholders’ rights and interests and promoting the legalization of corporate governance.