低生育率背景下城乡幼儿园现状、挑战与应对策略

Current Status, Challenges, and Response Strategies for Urban and Rural Kindergarten in the Context of Low Fertility Rates

摘要: 幼儿园作为基础教育的起始环节，是建设教育强国、推进教育现代化的重要基石。当前我国出生率持续低迷，已对幼儿园发展形成显著冲击，受此影响，城乡幼儿园数量呈缩减态势，多地面临“关停潮”；叠加城镇人口迁移效应，农村幼儿园数量持续下降，城乡师资配置失衡加剧，优质教师向城镇集中，进一步放大了学前教育资源投入压力。科学预判学龄前儿童人口变动趋势，成为优化配置学前教育资源的核心前提。为适配人口结构变化、满足教育高质量发展需求，提出三方面建议：构建“按班补员”与“按需调配”相结合的经费投入机制，增强资源供给的精准性与可持续性；建立新生人口动态监测体系，优化园所管理与资源分配效率；推动教师转岗培训与城乡流动机制落地，推进普惠性幼儿园建设与托幼一体化转型。

Abstract: As the foundational stage of basic education, kindergartens serve as a crucial cornerstone for building an education powerhouse and advancing educational modernization. China’s persistently low birth rate has significantly impacted kindergarten development, leading to a decline in both urban and rural kindergarten numbers and triggering widespread closures. Compounded by urban migration, rural kindergartens continue to decrease, exacerbating the imbalance in teacher allocation between urban and rural areas. High-quality teachers are increasingly concentrated in urban centers, further amplifying pressure on preschool education resource allocation. Accurately forecasting trends in preschool-aged population is essential for optimizing the distribution of preschool education resources. To adapt to demographic shifts and meet the demands of high-quality educational development, three recommendations are proposed: Establish a funding mechanism combining “per-class subsidies” with “demand-based allocation” to enhance the precision and sustainability of resource provision; Create a dynamic monitoring system for new births to optimize kindergarten management and resource allocation efficiency; Promote the implementation of teacher retraining and urban-rural mobility mechanisms, while advancing the development of inclusive kindergartens and the integration of childcare and preschool education.