脂质运载蛋白2在肿瘤中的研究进展
Research Progress of Lipocalin-2 in Tumors
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.163871, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘昊炜:赣南医科大学第一临床医学院,江西 赣州;刘清泉*:赣南医科大学第一附属医院肝胆胰外科,江西 赣州
关键词: 脂质运载蛋白2NGAL肿瘤发生肿瘤转移铁代谢肿瘤微环境Lipocalin-2 NGAL Tumorigenesis Tumor Metastasis Iron Metabolism Tumor Microenvironment
摘要: 脂质运载蛋白2 (Lipocalin-2, LCN2),也被称为中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL),是脂质运载蛋白家族的一个重要成员。最初在中性粒细胞中被发现,LCN2作为一种急性期反应蛋白,在先天免疫、炎症反应以及铁离子稳态中扮演着关键角色。近年来,大量研究表明LCN2在多种人类恶性肿瘤中异常高表达,包括乳腺癌、结直肠癌、胰腺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌等,其表达水平与肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭、转移及治疗抵抗密切相关。LCN2通过多种复杂的分子机制参与肿瘤进程,主要包括:通过与铁螯合物结合调节细胞内铁代谢、激活上皮–间质转化(EMT)、调控多种信号通路、重塑肿瘤微环境等。本文旨在系统综述LCN2的生物学特性、在各类肿瘤中的表达与功能、作用机制及其作为肿瘤诊断生物标志物和治疗靶点的潜在临床价值,并对未来研究方向进行展望。
Abstract: Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also referred to as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a pivotal member of the lipocalin family. First identified in neutrophils, LCN2 functions as an acute-phase response protein and plays critical roles in innate immunity, inflammatory responses, and iron homeostasis. In recent years, accumulating studies have demonstrated that LCN2 is aberrantly overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ovarian cancer. Its expression level is closely associated with tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. LCN2 participates in tumor progression through multiple intricate molecular mechanisms, primarily encompassing the regulation of intracellular iron metabolism via binding to iron chelates, activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), modulation of multiple signaling pathways, and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This article aims to systematically review the biological properties of LCN2, its expression patterns and functional roles in various types of tumors, its underlying mechanisms of action, as well as its potential clinical value as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for tumors. Additionally, future research directions in this field are prospected.
文章引用:刘昊炜, 刘清泉. 脂质运载蛋白2在肿瘤中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 982-989. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163871

1. 引言

肿瘤是全球范围内导致严重身体健康问题和死亡的重要原因之一,其发生发展是内部遗传因素和外部环境因素长期相互作用的结果,过程涉及多种分子的异常表达。研究关键分子在肿瘤进程中的作用机制,对于开发新的诊断方法和治疗策略至关重要。脂质运载蛋白是一类分布广泛、功能多样的小分子分泌性蛋白质超家族,广泛存在于细菌、植物和动物中。它们最核心的特征是其高度保守的三维结构,尽管其氨基酸序列的同源性可能很低(有时低至20%)。这样的典型结构特征是一个由8条反平行β-折叠片围成的“杯状”或“桶状”的疏水性腔体[1],可结合多种小分子配体,并在功能上涉及脂质运输、免疫调节、细胞信号传导以及肿瘤发生发展等多个生物过程[2]

脂质运载蛋白2 (LCN2)作为一个多功能的分泌型糖蛋白,也被称为中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)、铁载蛋白、24p3 (源于其在小鼠肾脏细胞中的早期发现),不仅是急性期蛋白和免疫相关分子,还涉及铁代谢、小分子配体转运及细胞间信号传导。LCN2在肿瘤中的作用尤为复杂和矛盾,既可以是促癌因子,也可以是抑癌因子。本文对LCN2相关文献进行总结,以期为实现肿瘤患者良好预后提供思路。

2. LCN2的分子结构与生物学功能

2.1. 结构与表达

LCN2基因位于人类染色体9q34.11,其编码的蛋白质分子量约为25 kDa,通常以单体、同源二聚体或与明胶酶B (MMP-9)形成异源二聚体的形式存在[3] [4]。LCN2蛋白由一个高度保守的八链β-桶状结构域和一个邻近的α-螺旋构成,形成一个疏水性的配体结合口袋,这是其能够结合多样配体的结构基础[5]。除了与铁载体结合外,LCN2还能与脂肪酸、前列腺素、胆汁酸等多种疏水分子相互作用,这暗示了其功能的多样性[6]

在正常生理状态下,LCN2在多种组织中低水平表达,但在感染、炎症和组织损伤等情况下,其表达会迅速上调,发挥抗菌和抗凋亡等保护作用[7] [8]。LCN2在骨髓、肾脏、肺、子宫等多种组织和器官中有基础性表达。在细胞层面,中性粒细胞是LCN2的主要来源。此外,上皮细胞、巨噬细胞等在受到特定刺激(如白细胞介素-1β,IL-1β;肿瘤坏死因子-α,TNF-α;脂多糖,LPS)时,也能被诱导大量表达LCN2 [9] [10]。然而,这种在应激状态下被激活的生存机制,在肿瘤环境中却被“劫持”,成为促进肿瘤恶性进展的推手。大量临床病理学分析显示,LCN2在多种肿瘤组织中的表达显著高于癌旁正常组织,且其高表达与患者的不良预后,如肿瘤分期晚、淋巴结转移、复发风险高和总生存期短等,呈显著正相关[11] [12]

2.2. 生理功能

LCN2的核心生理功能可归纳为以下几点:

① 先天免疫与抗菌作用:LCN2通过抢夺细菌铁载体,剥夺细菌生长所必需的铁,从而抑制细菌生长,是先天免疫系统的重要组成部分[13]

② 铁离子稳态调节:LCN2最显著的特征是其能够与疏水性小分子结合,特别是它与铁载体(如肠杆菌素)具有高亲和力,从而参与细胞内外铁离子的转运与稳态调节[13]。铁是细胞增殖所必需的微量元素,在DNA合成、能量代谢等关键生物学过程中不可或缺。LCN2-铁载体复合物可通过与细胞膜上的受体(如24p3R,也被称为SLC22A17)结合,被细胞内吞,进而增加细胞内的铁离子浓度。这一过程在细胞生存和增殖中至关重要[14]。因此,LCN2通过调控“铁池”深刻影响着细胞的命运。

③ 抗凋亡与促生存:在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤等模型中,LCN2被证实具有保护细胞、减少凋亡的作用,其机制可能与维持细胞内铁平衡和激活促生存信号通路有关[15]

④ 细胞分化与代谢:LCN2参与脂肪细胞分化、骨代谢等过程,并与胰岛素抵抗等代谢性疾病相关[16]。LCN2影响肿瘤细胞的上皮–间质转化(EMT),促进或抑制肿瘤细胞转移[17]

⑤ 基质重塑相关的功能:LCN2可与MMP-9 (明胶酶B)形成LCN2/MMP-9稳定复合物[17],保护MMP-9免于降解,增强其基质降解能力。

3. LCN2在促进肿瘤发生发展的分子机制

3.1. LCN2调控肿瘤细胞增殖与凋亡

① LCN2通过调节细胞周期相关蛋白,促进肿瘤细胞的增殖。例如,在结直肠癌和膀胱癌中,LCN2的表达升高与细胞周期蛋白如CCND1的上调密切相关,促进细胞快速通过细胞周期,增强增殖活性[18] [19]。② LCN2还通过激活多条信号通路,如PI3K/Akt和MAPK信号通路,进一步促进肿瘤细胞的生长和存活。肺腺癌和非小细胞肺癌中,LCN2通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活,促进细胞增殖和迁移,抑制细胞凋亡[20] [21]。③ 在凋亡调控方面,LCN2表现出抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡的功能,增强了肿瘤细胞的存活能力。例如,胶质瘤细胞中,LCN2相关的环状RNA (hsa_circ_0088732)通过调控miR-661/RAB3D轴,抑制细胞凋亡,促进细胞生存[22]。④ LCN2还能影响铁稳态,减少细胞内铁引起的氧化应激,从而降低凋亡诱导[23]。在急性淋巴细胞白血病中,虽然LCN2整体表达较低,但其上调能够诱导细胞凋亡和铁死亡,说明LCN2在不同肿瘤类型中对凋亡的调控具有差异性[24]

3.2. LCN2促进肿瘤侵袭与转移的机制

LCN2通过与MMP-9结合、诱导EMT以及调节肿瘤相关免疫细胞的功能,增强肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移能力,综合推动肿瘤的转移进程。① 多项研究表明,LCN2能够与MMP-9形成复合物,增强其稳定性和酶活性,从而加速基质降解,促进肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移[25]。② 在乳腺癌脑转移中,LCN2不仅促进原发肿瘤细胞的增殖和血管生成,还通过诱导EMT增强肿瘤细胞的迁移能力和侵袭性[26]。LCN2与EMT相关蛋白如N-cadherin、vimentin的表达上调密切相关,其通过调控miRNA和信号通路(如miR-661/RAB3D轴)促进EMT过程,增强肿瘤细胞的迁移和侵袭能力[22]。③ LCN2通过影响肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞,尤其是肿瘤相关巨噬细胞,调节免疫反应,促进肿瘤转移。例如,卵巢癌中,肿瘤细胞分泌的外泌体携带ANXA2蛋白,激活腹膜间皮细胞并诱导其表达LCN2,进而促进肿瘤细胞的黏附、增殖和迁移[27]。乳腺癌模型中,肿瘤负荷导致骨髓巨核细胞表达LCN2升高,通过血小板传递促进肿瘤细胞肺部转移[28]

3.3. LCN2在肿瘤铁代谢中的作用

LCN2作为一种铁载体蛋白,在肿瘤细胞铁代谢调节中发挥着至关重要的作用。铁是细胞增殖和代谢不可或缺的元素,肿瘤细胞通过调节铁稳态满足其快速生长的需求。LCN2能够结合铁离子及其配体,通过介导细胞内外铁的转运,维持细胞铁稳态,影响肿瘤细胞的代谢活性[23] [25]

研究表明,LCN2调控肿瘤细胞铁代谢异常,促进氧化应激反应和细胞增殖。例如,在胃癌中,EB病毒通过上调抗氧化酶GPX4,进而促进LCN2表达以维持氧化还原平衡,促进肿瘤细胞的存活和增殖[29]。此外,膀胱癌中肿瘤源性乳酸激活STAT3信号通路,诱导LCN2表达,增强肿瘤细胞的干性特征和化疗耐受性,说明LCN2在铁代谢异常与肿瘤恶性进展之间的桥梁作用[19]。在骨肉瘤中,Rhizoma Paridis总皂苷(PRTS)通过抑制SPI1/LCN2轴,诱导肿瘤铁死亡,显著抑制肿瘤生长和转移,提示调控LCN2影响铁代谢相关的铁死亡途径具有良好的治疗潜力[30]。此外,肠杆菌产生的高亲和力铁螯合剂enterobactin通过与LCN2的相互作用,能够扰乱肿瘤细胞的铁稳态,诱导细胞凋亡,展示了LCN2在铁代谢调控中的关键地位[31]。靶向LCN2介导的铁代谢通路可成为抗肿瘤的新策略。

4. LCN2抑制肿瘤发生发展的分子机制

LCN2与肿瘤的分期和分化有关。在卵巢组织中,LCN2在正常组织中不表达,良性组织中检测到低水平的LCN2。在卵巢肿瘤中,LCN2水平最高点出现在早期卵巢癌中,而晚期卵巢癌则LCN2表达下降[32]。同样在胰腺中,LCN2在早期发育异常病灶中表达较高,而在健康胰腺组织中仅以低水平表达。在胰腺肿瘤中,LCN2表达与肿瘤分化相关,分化良好和中度分化组织表现出高水平的LCN2表达,而分化较差的组织则LCN2表达一致为阴性[33]。此外,LCN2表达升高抑制了小鼠模型中胰腺癌的进展[34]。在肝细胞癌中,LCN2水平与分化呈正相关,且LCN2抑制转移[35]。在肿瘤早期阶段,氧化应激较强,免疫监视活跃,LCN2可能通过螯合铁载体,剥夺快速增殖的早期肿瘤细胞所需的铁(铁是细胞周期和DNA合成关键辅因子),或诱导铁依赖的细胞死亡(Ferroptosis),从而起到抑癌作用。

LCN2通过抑制EMT和血管生成抑制肿瘤进展。LCN2在EMT的调控具有双重作用。一方面,LCN2促进EMT和远处转移。另一方面,LCN2还能抑制EMT,减少肿瘤转移。LCN2在肝细胞癌中已被发现具有EMT抑制作用。当在SH-J1细胞中上调时,LCN2会降低Twist1的表达,Twist1是调控EMT并抑制细胞增殖和侵入的关键转录因子。此外,EMT诱导剂EGF和TGF-β几乎未改变LCN2过度表达的SH-J1细胞中EMT标志物的表达[36]。此外,卵巢癌细胞系在接受EMT时,EGF会抑制LCN2的表达[37]。在结直肠癌中,LCN2通过抑制snail (EMT中另一个关键转录因子)来调控EMT。LCN2还可作为反式作用因子结合NF-κB的启动子区域,抑制NF-κB/snail轴,抑制EMT和转移[38]。此外,结直肠癌中EMT的负反馈调控已被报道[39]。在胰腺癌中,LCN2过度表达下调VEGF的产生并抑制血管新生。

5. LCN2在肿瘤治疗中的应用前景

5.1. LCN2作为治疗靶点的潜力

脂质运载蛋白2 (Lipocalin-2, LCN2)作为一种分泌型糖蛋白,在多种肿瘤中被发现高表达,并与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移密切相关。研究显示,抑制LCN2的表达或功能能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移能力,体现出其作为治疗靶点的巨大潜力。例如,在膀胱癌细胞中,LCN2通过STAT3信号通路被乳酸诱导表达,促进上皮–间质转化(EMT)、细胞迁移和干性特性增强,同时其表达水平与肿瘤进展及化疗耐药密切相关,敲低LCN2能够恢复对吉西他滨的敏感性[19]。此外,口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)中LCN2的抑制降低了EGFR的磷酸化及其下游信号传导,显著抑制了肿瘤的生长和转移[40]。在肝细胞癌(HCC)中,LCN2通过调节巨噬细胞极化及与SR-BI的相互作用促进肿瘤进展,敲低LCN2显著减缓肿瘤生长[41]。这些研究不仅揭示了LCN2在多种肿瘤中的促癌功能,也推动了针对LCN2的小分子抑制剂、抗体药物的开发,显示出良好的抗肿瘤效果。

值得注意的是,联合传统化疗或免疫治疗,靶向LCN2有望提升治疗效果并克服耐药性。例如,干预STAT3-LCN2信号轴可以有效抑制肿瘤进展并增强化疗敏感性[19],而LCN2的调控还涉及肿瘤细胞对放疗的耐受性,如鼻咽癌中LCN2高表达与放射抗性及复发相关,敲低LCN2增强放疗敏感性[42]。综上所述,LCN2作为肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点,不仅在单一治疗中展现出抑制肿瘤的能力,还在联合治疗中有助于突破耐药瓶颈,具有广阔的临床应用前景。

5.2. LCN2在肿瘤免疫调节中的作用及其治疗意义

LCN2在肿瘤微环境中不仅直接影响肿瘤细胞,还通过调节免疫细胞功能参与肿瘤的免疫调节过程。研究表明,LCN2调控肿瘤微环境中免疫细胞的活性,影响肿瘤免疫逃逸机制。例如,在肺癌脑转移模型中,肿瘤细胞分泌的LCN2通过与星形胶质细胞上的SLC22A17受体结合,激活JAK2/STAT3信号,促进星形胶质细胞活化和趋化因子分泌,进而招募巨噬细胞,形成正反馈环路促进肿瘤进展[43]。此外,LCN2在调控肿瘤相关炎症反应中也发挥关键作用,影响免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效。LCN2的表达与免疫细胞浸润密切相关,其高表达通常伴随着免疫抑制性微环境的形成,降低免疫治疗的响应率[44]

针对这一点,结合免疫治疗策略,靶向LCN2有望改善肿瘤免疫治疗的响应。例如,通过抑制LCN2降低肿瘤免疫抑制环境,增强CD8+ T细胞的抗肿瘤活性,提升免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效[23]。另外,LCN2在调节免疫细胞代谢及功能方面的作用也提示其作为免疫调节靶点的潜力,如在胰腺癌中,LCN2由活化的CD8+ T细胞产生,促进免疫抑制性髓系抑制细胞(MDSCs)募集,阻碍免疫治疗效果,该过程可通过调节LCN2水平被逆转[45]。因此,深入理解LCN2在肿瘤免疫微环境中的作用机制,将为肿瘤免疫治疗提供新的靶点及组合治疗策略。

5.3. LCN2相关生物标志物在个体化治疗中的应用

LCN2作为多种肿瘤及其免疫微环境中的关键分子,其表达水平具备重要的临床诊断和预后价值,成为潜在的生物标志物。在患者分层方面,基于LCN2表达的差异,可以有效区分肿瘤的侵袭性、治疗敏感性及预后风险。例如,膀胱癌患者中LCN2的高表达与肿瘤分级、预后不良及生存期缩短显著相关[19];鼻咽癌中LCN2表达水平则与放疗耐受性及复发风险相关[42]。通过LCN2的检测,能够辅助制定个体化治疗方案,选择适宜的靶向药物或免疫治疗。

此外,动态监测LCN2的变化亦可用于评估治疗反应和疾病进展。研究发现,化疗诱导的细胞衰老状态促使乳腺癌细胞中LCN2显著上调,且LCN2水平的升高与患者预后不良相关,提示其作为治疗反应监测指标的潜力[46]。同样,在肝细胞癌患者中,血清及组织中LCN2的动态变化可以反映肿瘤负荷及治疗效果[41]

6. 结论

作为一种多功能蛋白,LCN2在肿瘤的发生、发展、转移过程中扮演着至关重要的角色。其作用机制涉及复杂的上下游信号网络,通过整合铁代谢、EMT、信号通路激活和肿瘤微环境重塑等多个关键过程,形成了一个强大的促癌网络。此外,LCN2通过影响肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞,进一步加深了其在肿瘤进展中的多维调控功能。现有研究在LCN2的具体分子机制及其在不同肿瘤类型中的作用存在一定差异。部分研究强调LCN2促进肿瘤进展及转移的促癌作用,而另一些研究则揭示其在特定条件下可能具有抑制肿瘤的功能。这种差异既反映了肿瘤的异质性,也提示我们需要更深入地探究LCN2在特定肿瘤类型(如肝癌、胰腺癌)中表现出双重作用的深层原因,明确其发挥促癌或抑癌功能的具体情境和决定因素。随着研究的不断深入,LCN2有望成为未来肿瘤精准医疗中的一个重要组成部分。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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