达格列净对超重/肥胖2型糖尿病患者肝脏脂肪含量及肝功能指标影响的回顾性分析
Effects of Dapagliflozin on Liver Fat Content and Function in Overweight/Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Study
摘要: 目的:回顾性分析达格列净对体重指数(BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2的2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并代谢相关性脂肪肝病(MAFLD)患者肝脏脂肪含量及肝功能相关指标的影响。方法:回顾性选取2022年7月1日至2023年6月30日于安庆市第一人民医院内分泌科住院的T2DM患者108例,所有患者BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2。根据住院期间是否在常规降糖方案基础上加用达格列净(10 mg/日)分为两组:对照组(n = 54,接受常规降糖治疗)和研究组(n = 54,常规治疗 + 达格列净)。收集并比较两组患者治疗前及治疗6个月后的体重、BMI、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及肝脏脂肪指数(采用脂肪肝指数-FLI和肝脂酶指数-HSI评估)。结果:治疗6个月后,与对照组相比,研究组患者的FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、体重、BMI、ALT、AST、GGT、TG、FLI和HSI指数水平均显著降低,HDL-C水平显著升高(P < 0.05);与治疗前比较,研究组FLI和HSI指数显著下降(P < 0.05),对照组有改善趋势,但无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。结论:在常规降糖治疗基础上加用达格列净可改善超重/肥胖T2DM患者血糖、体重及血脂,并显著降低肝脏脂肪含量和改善肝功能指标。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of Dapagliflozin on liver fat content and liver function-related indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) who have a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2. Methods: A total of 108 hospitalized T2DM patients with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 were retrospectively enrolled from the Department of Endocrinology, Anqing First People’s Hospital, between July 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023. Patients were divided into two groups according to whether Dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) was added to their conventional glucose-lowering regimen: the control group (n = 54, conventional therapy) and the study group (n = 54, conventional therapy plus Dapagliflozin). The following parameters were collected and compared at baseline and after 6 months of treatment: body weight, BMI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and liver fat indices (assessed using the Fatty Liver Index, FLI, and the Hepatic Steatosis Index, HSI). Results: After 6 months, compared with the control group, the study group showed significant reductions in FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, body weight, and BMI. Regarding MAFLD-related indicators, the study group exhibited significantly lower levels of ALT, AST, GGT, and TG, along with a significant increase in HDL-C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the FLI and HSI indices in the study group decreased significantly compared to both baseline and the control group (P < 0.05). The control group showed a trend toward improvement in liver function and fatty liver indices, but the changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The addition of Dapagliflozin to conventional glucose-lowering therapy effectively improves glycemic control, body weight, and lipid profiles in overweight/obese T2DM patients. It also significantly reduces liver fat content and improves liver function, demonstrating a beneficial effect on comorbid MAFLD.
文章引用:林子涵, 彭英, 丁维, 刘珍, 郝双琴, 郑海兰. 达格列净对超重/肥胖2型糖尿病患者肝脏脂肪含量及肝功能指标影响的回顾性分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 1150-1157. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163891

1. 引言

2型糖尿病(T2DM)和代谢相关性脂肪性肝病(MAFLD)是两种常相互并存、相互加剧的代谢性疾病[1],其共同的病理生理基础是胰岛素抵抗[2]。近年来,MAFLD已成为全球最常见的慢性肝病[3]-[5],在T2DM人群中的患病率高达50%~70% [6] [7]。超重和肥胖是T2DM合并MAFLD的核心危险因素[8],体重指数(BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2的中国人群发生代谢综合征及相关肝损伤的风险显著增加[9]

T2DM合并MAFLD患者的临床管理面临特殊挑战。由于两种疾病相互促进,患者肝脏长期处于脂质毒性、炎症和氧化应激的损害之下,显著增加了其进展为代谢相关性脂肪性肝炎(MASH)、肝纤维化及终末期肝病的风险[10],同时该共病状态也进一步加重了心血管和肾脏等器官的代谢负担[11]。目前,临床治疗主要以药物、手术、减重和生活方式等综合管理为主[12],缺乏能够兼顾血糖控制和肝脏病理改善的有效药物。达格列净是一种钠–葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2 (SGLT2)抑制剂,除了明确的降糖效果外,研究还发现其具有减轻体重、降低血压和改善血脂谱等多重益处[13],但文献中有关其改善肝脏脂肪浸润和炎症的报道较少。本研究旨在通过回顾性分析,探讨达格列净对超重/肥胖T2DM患者肝脏脂肪相关指标及肝功能的影响,为临床用药提供参考依据。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

本选取2022年7月1日至2023年6月30日期间在安庆市第一人民医院内分泌科住院的T2DM患者。纳入标准:符合《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2024年版)》[14]的T2DM诊断标准;年龄18~65岁;体重指数(BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2;超声检查提示脂肪肝,或肝功能异常(ALT/AST升高);临床资料完整,且随访时间 ≥ 6个月。排除标准:其他类型肝病(如病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝病、自身免疫性肝病、药物性肝损伤);严重心、肺、肾功能不全;妊娠或哺乳期妇女;对SGLT2抑制剂过敏;随访期间失访或资料不全者。

最终纳入108例患者,将108例患者根据随机数字表法分为两组:对照组(n = 54):接受常规降糖治疗(如二甲双胍、胰岛素、DPP-4抑制剂等)。研究组(n = 54):在常规降糖治疗基础上,加用达格列净片(阿斯利康,10 mg,每日一次)。

2.2. 研究方法

观察指标:收集所有患者入组时(基线)和治疗6个月后的以下数据:一般资料:年龄、性别、糖尿病病程。代谢指标:体重、BMI、FPG、2hPG、HbA1c;肝功能指标:ALT、AST、GGT;血脂指标:TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C。

脂肪肝评估指数:脂肪肝指数(FLI) [15]:FLI = (e0.953 × ln(TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln(GGT) + 0.053 × 腰围 − 15.745) / (1 + e0.953 × ln(TG) + 0.139 × BMI + 0.718 × ln(GGT) + 0.053 × 腰围 − 15.745) × 100。FLI < 30可排除脂肪肝,FLI ≥ 60可诊断脂肪肝。

肝脂酶指数(HSI) [16]:HSI = 8 × (ALT/AST比值) + BMI (+2,如果是女性;+2,如果是糖尿病)。HSI < 30可排除MAFLD,HSI > 36可诊断MAFLD。

2.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以(± s)表示,组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,采用χ2检验。采用多重线性回归分析校正混杂因素。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组患者基线特征及降糖药物使用情况

对照组患者中,男性32例,女性22例;平均年龄为(52.4 ± 8.7)岁;平均糖尿病病程为(6.8 ± 3.5)年。研究组患者中,男性29例,女性25例;平均年龄为(51.8 ± 9.2)岁;平均糖尿病病程为(7.2 ± 4.1)年。两组患者在年龄、性别、糖尿病病程等基线资料上无统计学差异(P > 0.05),具有可比性。

Table 1. Comparison of baseline glucose-lowering medications between the two groups [n (%)]

1. 两组患者基线降糖药物使用情况比较[n (%)]

药物类别

对照组(n = 54)

研究组(n = 54)

P

二甲双胍

48(88.9%)

46 (85.2%)

0.782

续表

α-糖苷酶抑制剂

10 (18.5%)

12 (22.2%)

0.814

磺脲类

18 (33.3%)

15 (27.8%)

0.674

格列奈类

8 (14.8%)

6 (11.1%)

0.777

DPP-4抑制剂

22 (40.7%)

20 (37.0%)

0.841

TZDs

4 (7.4%)

3 (5.6%)

1.000

GLP-1受体激动剂

6 (11.1%)

5 (9.3%)

1.000

胰岛素

26 (48.1%)

24 (44.4%)

0.843

两组患者在基线时使用的降糖药物种类及比例见表1。两组在各类降糖药物的使用比例上均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。

3.2. 两组患者治疗前后代谢指标比较

治疗前,两组各项代谢指标无显著差异(P > 0.05)。治疗6个月后,两组患者的FPG、2hPG、HbA1c均较治疗前显著下降(P < 0.05)。研究组患者的体重和BMI较治疗前显著下降(P < 0.05),对照组体重和BMI的下降,但无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。与对照组相比,研究组治疗后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、体重及BMI明显降低(P < 0.05),见表2

Table 2. Comparison of metabolic indicators between two groups before and after treatment

2. 两组患者治疗前后代谢指标比较

组别

时间

体重(kg)

BMI (kg/m2)

FPG (mmol/L)

2hPG (mmol/L)

HbA1c (%)

对照组

治疗前

78.5 ± 6.2

27.8 ± 1.5

9.8 ± 1.5

14.2 ± 2.1

8.9 ± 1.2

(n = 54)

治疗后

77.1 ± 6.5

27.4 ± 1.6

8.5 ± 1.1

12.3 ± 1.8

7.8 ± 0.9

研究组

治疗前

79.1 ± 7.0

28.1 ± 1.7

10.2 ± 1.7

14.6 ± 2.3

9.1 ± 1.4

(n = 54)

治疗后

74.3 ± 6.8*

26.3 ± 1.5*

7.6 ± 1.0*

10.9 ± 1.5*

7.1 ± 0.8*

t/P对照组(治疗前后)

1.892/0.064

1.754/0.085

4.236/<0.001

3.986/<0.001

4.512/<0.001

t/P研究组(治疗前后)

5.621/<0.001

6.324/<0.001

8.154/<0.001

7.632/<0.001

7.318/<0.001

注:与同组治疗前比较,P < 0.05;与对照组治疗后比较,*P < 0.05。

3.3. 两组患者治疗前后肝功能及血脂指标比较

治疗前,两组肝功能及血脂指标无显著差异(P > 0.05)。治疗后,对照组各项肝功能及血脂指标(ALT、AST、GGT、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C)均较治疗前无明显变化(P > 0.05)。研究组治疗后ALT、AST、GGT、TC、TG显著下降,HDL-C显著升高(P < 0.05);组间比较显示,研究组在改善ALT、AST、GGT、TG和HDL-C方面显著优于对照组(P < 0.05),见表3

Table 3. Comparison of hepatic function and lipid profiles between two groups before and after treatment

3. 两组患者治疗前后肝功能及血脂指标比较

组别

时间

ALT (IU/L)

AST (IU/L)

GGT (IU/L)

对照组

治疗前

48.5 ± 15.2

42.3 ± 12.6

52.3 ± 18.7

(n = 54)

治疗后

45.1 ± 13.8

40.1 ± 11.4

49.8 ± 17.2

续表

研究组

治疗前

50.2 ± 16.8

44.8 ± 14.2

55.1 ± 20.1

(n = 54)

治疗后

35.6 ± 12.3*

32.5 ± 8.7*

40.2 ± 14.3*

t/P对照组(治疗前后)

1.211/0.231

0.935/0.354

0.945/0.349

t/P研究组(治疗前后)

6.128/<0.001

5.462/<0.001

5.874/<0.001

组别

时间

TC (mmol/L)

TG (mmol/L)

LDL-C (mmol/L)

HDL-C (mmol/L)

对照组

治疗前

4.92 ± 0.95

2.65 ± 0.81

3.01 ± 0.72

1.05 ± 0.21

(n = 54)

治疗后

4.85 ± 0.88

2.48 ± 0.75

2.98 ± 0.68

1.08 ± 0.19

研究组

治疗前

5.08 ± 1.02

2.71 ± 0.88

3.12 ± 0.78

1.03 ± 0.23

(n = 54)

治疗后

4.76 ± 0.82

1.92 ± 0.62*

3.18 ± 0.70

1.19 ± 0.20*

t/P对照组(治疗前后)

0.842/0.404

1.592/0.117

0.512/0.611

−1.021/0.312

t/P研究组(治疗前后)

3.245/0.002

6.742/<0.001

−1.125/0.266

−4.875/<0.001

注:与同组治疗前比较,P < 0.05;与对照组治疗后比较,*P < 0.05。

3.4. 两组患者治疗前后脂肪肝指数比较

治疗前,两组的FLI和HSI指数无明显差异(P > 0.05)。治疗后,对照组的FLI和HSI略有下降,但无统计学意义。研究组的FLI和HSI指数在治疗后显著降低,与治疗前及对照组治疗后相比,差异均有显著统计学意义(P < 0.01),见表4

Table 4. Comparison of fatty liver indices between two groups before and after treatment

4. 两组患者治疗前后脂肪肝指数比较

组别

时间

FLI

HSI

对照组

治疗前

72.8 ± 10.5

42.6 ± 4.8

(n = 54)

治疗后

70.9 ± 10.1

41.9 ± 4.5

研究组

治疗前

73.1 ± 11.2

42.9 ± 5.1

(n = 54)

治疗后

62.3 ± 9.8*

38.2 ± 4.1*

t/P对照组(治疗前后)

1.423/0.160

1.128/0.264

t/P研究组(治疗前后)

6.827/<0.001

5.934/<0.001

注:与同组治疗前比较,P < 0.05;与对照组治疗后比较,*P < 0.05。

3.5. 达格列净对代谢及肝脏指标影响的多重线性回归分析

为排除不同背景降糖药物的影响,明确达格列净的独立作用,我们进行了多重线性回归分析。以各项主要结局指标治疗6个月前后的变化值Δ为因变量,以治疗分组(研究组 = 1,对照组 = 0)为主要自变量,并将表1中列出的所有降糖药物作为协变量纳入模型。

回归分析结果显示,在调整了不同背景降糖药物的影响后,加用达格列净(研究组)仍是患者体重、BMI、FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、ALT、AST、GGT、TG、FLI及HSI显著降低,以及HDL-C显著升高的独立影响因素(P < 0.05)。这证实了达格列净对超重/肥胖T2DM患者的代谢和肝脏获益,不依赖于其他背景降糖治疗方案,见表5

Table 5. Multiple linear regression analysis of the effects of dapagliflozin on metabolic and hepatic indices

5. 达格列净对代谢及肝脏指标影响的多重线性回归分析

因变量(Δ)

β系数

95% CI

P

体重(kg)

−2.91

(−4.55, −1.27)

0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

−1.05

(−1.57, −0.53)

<0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

−0.82

(−1.23, −0.41)

<0.001

2hPG (mmol/L)

−1.38

(−1.95, −0.81)

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

−0.71

(−1.03, −0.39)

<0.001

ALT (IU/L)

−8.40

(−11.55, −5.25)

<0.001

AST (IU/L)

−6.55

(−9.25, −3.85)

<0.001

GGT (IU/L)

−8.12

(−11.60, −4.64)

<0.001

TG (mmol/L)

−0.46

(−0.69, −0.23)

<0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

0.09

(0.03, 0.15)

0.006

FLI

−7.68

(−10.75, −4.61)

<0.001

HSI

−3.08

(−4.33, −1.83)

<0.001

3.6. 研究组患者按体重下降幅度分层的肝脏指标比较

为进一步探讨达格列净对肝脏指标的改善是否完全依赖于体重下降,本研究将研究组患者按治疗6个月后体重下降幅度是否≥5%分为两个亚组:体重下降 < 5%组(n = 26)和体重下降 ≥ 5%组(n = 28)。比较两组间治疗前后肝功能及脂肪肝指数的变化(Δ值)。

结果显示,两组患者在ΔALT、ΔAST、ΔGGT、ΔFLI及ΔHSI方面均表现出明显下降趋势,提示达格列净对肝脏具有改善作用。体重下降 ≥ 5%组在上述指标的改善幅度上略高于体重下降 < 5%组,但两组间差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表6

Table 6. Comparison of liver parameters stratified by magnitude of weight reduction

6. 研究组患者按体重下降幅度分层的肝脏指标比较

指标变化

体重下降 < 5% (n = 26)

体重下降 ≥ 5% (n = 28)

P

ΔALT (IU/L)

−10.2 ± 6.5

−12.8 ± 7.1

0.142

ΔAST (IU/L)

−8.5 ± 5.3

−10.1 ± 6.2

0.281

ΔGGT (IU/L)

−9.8 ± 7.4

−12.3 ± 8.0

0.215

ΔFLI

−7.6 ± 5.2

−9.4 ± 5.8

0.189

ΔHSI

−3.5 ± 2.1

−4.2 ± 2.4

0.223

4. 讨论

随着全球代谢性疾病负担日益加重,T2DM与MAFLD共病的临床管理已成为重大挑战,两者并存不仅加速肝脏疾病向纤维化、肝硬化阶段进展,也显著提升心血管与肾脏并发症的总体风险。生活方式干预是治疗基石,但患者长期依从性不佳,其效果往往受限。因此,探索具有多重代谢获益的降糖药物(如SGLT2抑制剂)在该人群中的肝脏保护作用,对于优化综合治疗策略具有明确意义。

本研究结果显示,在常规降糖治疗方案中加用达格列净,能更有效地控制超重/肥胖T2DM患者的血糖,并带来显著的体重下降,这与SGLT2抑制剂已知的“非胰岛素依赖”降糖机制和卡路里丢失效应[17]相符。相关研究[18]表明,SGLT2抑制剂产生的减重效果以丢失内脏脂肪为主,这可能为后续改善肝脏脂肪沉积奠定了关键的代谢基础。此外,本研究结果还显示,研究组在加用达格列净后患者的肝脏酶学指标(ALT、AST、GGT)得到显著改善。Shao等[19]研究结果显示经SGLT2抑制剂治疗1年的T2DM患者ALT水平得到改善,平均降幅达5.0 U/L,且基线ALT水平越高降幅越大。同时,达格列净显著降低了血清TG水平并升高了HDL-C水平,这种有利的血脂谱变化有助于减少肝脏的脂肪输入。一项纳入60项随机试验的荟萃分析[20]亦证实,SGLT2抑制剂治疗能够改善血脂谱,且在亚洲人群中该效应更为明显。作为评估肝脏脂肪含量的无创指标,FLI和HSI在研究组治疗后显著下降,强有力地提示患者肝脏的脂肪浸润程度得到了实质性减轻。

达格列净改善MAFLD的可能机制包括:(1) 促进能量代谢负平衡[21]:通过尿糖排泄每日丢失约200~300千卡热量[22],直接减轻体重和内脏脂肪,包括肝脏脂肪[23]-[25]。(2) 改善胰岛素抵抗:减轻体重和改善血糖控制可增强胰岛素敏感性,减少肝脏的脂质新生。(3) 调节脂代谢:本研究观察到的TG下降和HDL-C升高证实了其改善脂质代谢的作用。(4) 间接作用:其利尿和降压作用可能改善肝脏微循环,而其促进酮体生成的特点也可能改变了肝脏的能量代谢底物。

综上所述,本研究初步结果显示,对于BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2的2型糖尿病患者,在常规降糖治疗基础上加用达格列净,不仅能有效降糖、减重,还能显著改善肝功能、调节血脂,并降低肝脏脂肪含量。本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量有限,进一步需要更大样本、多中心、前瞻性的随机对照研究加以验证。

基金项目

安庆市卫生健康委科研课题(AQWJ2022004)。本研究获得安庆市第一人民医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:AQYY-YXLL-AQSWJW-202201)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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