跨境数据流动的安全监管困境与优化路径

Security Regulatory Dilemmas and Optimization Paths for Cross-Border Data Flow

摘要: 在数字经济背景下，跨境数据流动已成为驱动全球经贸发展的关键要素，其安全监管面临多重现实挑战。本文基于数据内在特性、经济安全需求及法律体系建设等驱动因素，系统分析了我国跨境数据流动安全监管的实践困境，主要表现为核心监管对象认定标准模糊、多重合规路径交叉导致企业策略保守化，以及新兴技术业态凸显制度滞后等问题。本文基于问题，提出了应通过制定可操作的“重要数据”与“关键信息基础设施”分类细则、构建基于风险分级的差异化监管流程，并建立面向技术创新的动态监管框架，从而在保障数据安全的前提下促进数据依法有序跨境流动，支持我国数字经济高质量发展与高水平国际经贸合作。

Abstract: In the context of the digital economy, cross-border data flows have become a key driver of global economic and trade development, while their security regulation faces multiple practical challenges. This paper systematically analyzes the practical dilemmas in China’s cross-border data flow security regulation, based on driving factors such as data intrinsic characteristics, economic security needs, and legal system construction. The main issues include ambiguous criteria for identifying core regulatory targets, conservative corporate strategies caused by overlapping compliance pathways, and institutional lag in emerging technological sectors. Addressing these problems, the paper proposes establishing actionable classification guidelines for “critical data” and “critical information infrastructure”, developing risk-based differentiated regulatory processes, and creating a dynamic regulatory framework oriented toward technological innovation. These measures aim to promote lawful and orderly cross-border data flows while ensuring data security, thereby supporting China’s high-quality digital economy development and high-level international economic and trade cooperation.