面瘫动物模型制作及神经再生评价的研究现状

Current Research Status of Animal Model Development and Nerve Regeneration Assessment in Facial Paralysis

摘要: 面瘫是面神经损伤引发的面肌运动障碍，可致面部对称性丧失、眨眼困难及社交焦虑，显著降低生活质量。尽管病毒、缺血、免疫等假说不断提出，其系统发病与修复机制仍未阐明，限制了个体化治疗。构建涵盖急性损伤、慢性损伤的标准化动物模型，已成为破解瓶颈、验证新疗法的迫切需求。本文检索了近年啮齿类、兔、猪等物种的横断、压榨、结扎、撞击、病毒和缺血造模方法，并比较触须运动、瞬目反射和耳朵运动分析等功能评价技术，为后续面神经损伤与功能评价研究提供参考。

Abstract: Facial paralysis denotes a loss of voluntary facial motion secondary to facial-nerve injury, leading to disfigurement, incomplete eye closure, and psychosocial distress that markedly impair quality of life. Despite evolving hypotheses involving viral, ischemic, and autoimmune insults, the systematic pathogenesis and endogenous repair cascades remain elusive, precluding patient-tailored therapies. Consequently, the establishment of standardized animal models that recapitulate both acute and chronic phases of injury has become an urgent prerequisite for mechanistic dissection and therapeutic validation. Here we review the most recent methodologies—transection, crush, ligation, impact, viral infection, and ischemia—applied in rodents, rabbits, and miniature pigs, and critically compare functional read-outs including whisker kinetics, blink reflex, and ear-movement analysis, thereby providing an evidence-based reference for future investigations of facial-nerve injury and recovery.