心理社会干预在延缓老年认知衰退中的作用

The Role of Psychosocial Interventions in Delaying Cognitive Decline in Older Adults

摘要: 随着人口老龄化进程的加快，老年认知衰退及其相关疾病已成为重要公共卫生问题。近年来，心理社会干预作为非药物干预的重要组成部分，在认知健康促进与痴呆防控中的潜在价值逐渐受到关注。本研究通过系统综述的方式，总结心理社会干预在延缓老年认知衰退中的作用效果及其干预特征，为老年认知健康干预策略的制定提供循证依据。系统检索近年来国内外相关数据库，纳入以60岁及以上老年人为研究对象、以心理社会干预为主要干预形式、并报告认知功能相关结局指标的实证研究。综合现有研究证据表明，心理社会干预在改善老年人总体认知功能、延缓认知下降进程及优化认知相关心理状态方面具有积极作用。认知训练、情绪调节干预、社会参与干预及多模态综合干预均在不同程度上对老年认知功能产生有益影响。此外，心理社会干预还可通过改善抑郁、焦虑等情绪状态以及增强认知自我效能感，间接促进认知功能的维持。心理社会干预作为安全、可行的非药物干预策略，在延缓老年认知衰退及促进健康老龄化方面具有重要应用价值。未来有必要通过大样本、高质量的随机对照研究及长期随访研究，进一步验证其长期效果及作用机制，以推动心理社会干预在老年认知健康领域的规范化应用。

Abstract: With the acceleration of population aging, cognitive decline and its related disorders among older adults have become major public health concerns. In recent years, psychosocial interventions, as an important component of non-pharmacological approaches, have attracted increasing attention for their potential value in promoting cognitive health and preventing dementia. This study systematically reviews the effects and characteristics of psychosocial interventions in delaying cognitive decline in older adults, aiming to provide evidence-based support for the development of cognitive health intervention strategies in later life. Relevant studies were systematically retrieved from major domestic and international databases, including empirical research involving adults aged 60 years and above, employing psychosocial interventions as the primary intervention modality, and reporting cognitive-related outcome measures. The available evidence indicates that psychosocial interventions exert positive effects on improving overall cognitive function, slowing cognitive decline, and optimizing cognition-related psychological states in older adults. Cognitive training, emotional regulation interventions, social participation interventions, and multimodal comprehensive interventions all demonstrate beneficial effects on cognitive function to varying degrees. In addition, psychosocial interventions may indirectly facilitate the maintenance of cognitive function by alleviating depression and anxiety and enhancing cognitive self-efficacy. As safe and feasible non-pharmacological strategies, psychosocial interventions hold substantial application value in delaying cognitive decline and promoting healthy aging. Future large-scale, high-quality randomized controlled trials and long-term follow-up studies are warranted to further verify their long-term effects and underlying mechanisms, thereby promoting the standardized application of psychosocial interventions in the field of cognitive health among older adults.