健康人群睡眠阶段的脑电微状态小型综述

A Mini Review of EEG Microstate during Sleep Stages in Healthy Individuals

摘要: 脑电微状态(EEG microstates)作为刻画脑电信号瞬时动态的重要方法，近年来在睡眠研究中逐渐受到关注。本综述整合了使用EEG微状态的有关睡眠阶段的最新研究进展。现有证据表明，A~D四类典型微状态在各个睡眠阶段均可识别，但时间特征随睡眠加深呈现出由快速多变向延长与稳定的转变，其中C、D类微状态对睡眠进程最为敏感。然而，现阶段与“睡眠分期(W/N1/N2/N3/REM)”直接相关的健康人群微状态实证研究数量仍然非常有限，且研究重心显著偏向NREM阶段，REM阶段几乎缺乏可比证据。同时，不同研究在微状态提取流程上存在系统性差异，导致跨研究可比性受限、部分结论仍存在争议。未来亟需通过多模态影像整合、纵向追踪与个体化建模，进一步揭示微状态的神经生理机制，并推动其在睡眠研究中的应用。

Abstract: EEG microstates, as an important method for characterizing the instantaneous dynamics of EEG signals, have received increasing attention in sleep research in recent years. This review synthesizes the latest advances in studies employing EEG microstate analysis to investigate sleep stages. Current evidence suggests that four canonical microstate classes (A~D) can be consistently identified across different sleep stages, while their temporal characteristics shift from rapid and variable patterns to more prolonged and stable configurations as sleep deepens, with classes C and D showing the greatest sensitivity to sleep progression. However, empirical studies directly examining EEG microstates across conventional sleep stages (W/N1/N2/N3/REM) in healthy individuals remain scarce, and existing research is predominantly focused on NREM sleep, with a notable lack of comparable evidence for the REM stage. In addition, substantial methodological heterogeneity in microstate extraction pipelines across studies has been observed, which limits cross-study comparability and contributes to ongoing inconsistencies in the findings. Future research should prioritize multimodal imaging integration, longitudinal designs, and individualized modeling to further elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying EEG microstates and to advance their application in sleep research.