当前我国生育支持政策及其优化研究

Current China’s Fertility Support Policies and Their Optimization

摘要: 随着我国人口结构转型与生育率持续走低，构建完善的生育支持政策体系已成为推动人口高质量发展的重要任务。2024年10月，国务院办公厅印发《关于加快完善生育支持政策体系推动建设生育友好型社会的若干措施》，标志着我国生育支持政策进入系统化推进新阶段。然而，当前政策仍存在支持对象偏向女性、育儿阶段支持不足、政策落地不均等问题，制约了政策效果的充分发挥。本文系统梳理我国生育支持政策现状，并通过对9名适龄婚育人员的半结构化访谈，初步了解公众对政策的认知、需求与满意度。研究发现，现有政策在经济支持、亲职假期与服务配套方面已取得初步成效，但仍存在男性参与不足、育儿支持持续性与覆盖性欠缺、地区间政策落实不均等短板。基于此，研究尝试提出优化建议：推动形成全员参与的生育支持体系，强化男性育儿责任；建立覆盖“生–育”全过程的持续支持机制；加快中央层面专项立法，整合政策资源，构建系统化、法治化的生育支持制度，以有效提升生育意愿，促进人口长期均衡发展。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of China’s demographic structural transformation and persistently low fertility rates, building a comprehensive childbirth support policy system has become an important task in promoting high-quality population development. In October 2024, the General Office of the State Council issued the Several Measures on Accelerating the Improvement of the Childbirth Support Policy System and Promoting the Construction of a Fertility-Friendly Society, marking a new stage in the systematic advancement of China’s childbirth support policies. Nevertheless, current policies are still constrained by problems such as a bias toward female beneficiaries, insufficient support during the childcare stage, and uneven policy implementation, which limit their full effectiveness. This paper systematically reviews the current state of China’s childbirth support policies and provides a preliminary understanding of public awareness, needs, and satisfaction through semi-structured interviews with 9 people of marriage and childbearing age. The study finds that existing policies have achieved initial results in economic support, parental leave, and supporting services, but still suffer from shortcomings including low male participation, inadequate continuity and coverage of childcare support, and uneven policy implementation across regions. Accordingly, this study proposes targeted optimization suggestions: fostering a childbirth support system with universal participation and strengthening men’s childcare responsibilities; establishing a sustainable support mechanism covering the entire process from pregnancy to child-rearing; accelerating special legislation at the central level, integrating policy resources, and building a systematic and law-based childbirth support system, so as to effectively boost fertility intentions and promote the long-term balanced development of the population.