血流限制性训练对脑卒中后肌肉力量康复的 研究进展
Research Progress on Blood Flow Restriction Training for Muscle Strength Rehabilitation after Stroke
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.163951, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 方除维, 江 海, 杨承卓*:重庆医科大学附属康复医院康复医学科,重庆
关键词: 血流限制性训练脑卒中肌肉力量康复训练Blood Flow Restriction Training Stroke Muscle Strength Rehabilitation Training
摘要: 绝大多数脑卒中患者发病后都会出现明显的肌肉力量下降,导致肢体功能障碍,严重影响生活治疗。血流限制性训练能明显改善肢体的肌肉力量,研究表明其结合低负荷训练能够达到与大负荷训练相似的效果,此外血流限制性训练安全性较高,鲜有报道训练后出现不良事件,从而被广泛运用在肢体力量训练中,其中也包括脑卒中患者肌力康复训练。本文综述了血流限制训练的原理、作用机制,分析其在脑卒中患者临床应用和进展,简述了相关的训练方案和训练时安全注意事项,以期为血流限制性训练在脑卒中患者中的个性化训练及具体方案的优化提供新思路。
Abstract: The majority of stroke patients experience significant muscle weakness following onset, leading to limb dysfunction and severely impacting daily activities and treatment. Blood flow restriction training can significantly improve limb muscle strength. Research indicates that combining it with low-load training can achieve effects similar to those of high-load training. Additionally, blood flow restriction training is highly safe, with few reported adverse events following training, making it widely applied in limb strength training, including muscle strength rehabilitation training for stroke patients. This article reviews the principles and mechanisms of blood flow restriction training, analyzes its clinical application and progress in stroke patients, and briefly outlines related training protocols and safety precautions during training. The aim is to provide new insights for personalized training and the optimization of specific protocols for blood flow restriction training in stroke patients.
文章引用:方除维, 江海, 杨承卓. 血流限制性训练对脑卒中后肌肉力量康复的 研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 1665-1673. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.163951

1. 引言

全球疾病负担(GBD) 2021年脑卒中负担估计显示,在非传染性疾病(NCD)中,脑卒中仍然是第二大死亡原因和第三大死亡和残疾原因[1],在我国,脑卒中已经成为成年人死亡和残疾的首位原因[2]。肌力的下降是脑卒中患者最常见和最明显的功能障碍之一,因此如何改善脑卒中患者的肌力是帮助患者提高整体功能,恢复日常生活自理能力的关键[3] [4]。血流限制性训练(Blood Flow Restriction Training, BFRT)被证明在改善肌肉力量方面具有潜在的优势[5]-[7],BFRT是一种通过加压带限制肢体血液流动的训练方法,通过在上肢或下肢的近端部分上施加外部压力来实现血流限制,所施加的外部压力足以维持动脉流入,同时限制闭塞部位远端的静脉流出,先前的研究已经证明了低强度阻力训练结合BFRT在能有效增加肌肉力量[8]。在早期应用中,BFRT有助于刺激肌肉生长,但随着其所带来的益处得到认可,其应用和使用的范围也随之传播。目前包括低负荷阻力训练、有氧运动、被动BFRT和神经肌肉刺激等各种形式。这些不同的模式已经在各种人口统计亚组中进行了研究,包括运动员和非运动员、健康和受伤人员、术前和术后的患者、年轻人和老年人。将BFRT引入脑卒中康复已经成为帮助脑卒中患者肌力恢复的热点治疗措施,为进一步了解BFRT的研究进展,本文就血流限制性训练对脑卒中后肌肉力量康复研究进行综述。

2. 血流限制性训练原理

日本的Yoskiaki Sato博士首次提出BFRT的概念,其主要是通过限制血液流向锻炼肌肉,提高训练效果,其唯一目的是增加肌肉质量[9]。BFRT内容包括进行低强度阻力训练,同时将相对轻且灵活的袖带放置在下肢或上肢的近端部分,以提供适当的表面压力。BFRT不会导致骨骼肌内的缺血,而是促进肢体肌肉组织内毛细血管中的血液汇集状态。在过去研究中,BFRT已经被广泛应用于肌肉力量训练中,并被证明其效果优于单纯的运动训练[5]。大部分脑卒中患者发病后,其肢体力量会出现明显的下降,因此在后续的康复过程中肢体力量的训练成为脑卒中患者康复治疗过程的一个重要环节。研究表明[5] [8],在对患者施行BFRT后,其肢体力量的恢复程度与速度均优于单纯的力量训练。此外,BFRT并不需要投入大量的成本,且施行较为方便快捷,目前也被逐渐引入脑卒中患者的康复治疗方案中。

3. 血流限制训练的作用机制

目前认为,血管闭塞的代谢应激和阻力训练或运动的机械张力导致肌肉肥大和力量的协同增加是BFRT主要的作用机制[10]-[12]。在细胞水平上,代谢物、激素差异、细胞间信号传导、细胞肿胀和细胞内信号通路都与此有关[11] [12] [14]-[17]。代谢物在运动中积累,是肌肉增生时必然产物,被BFRT的相对缺血和缺氧条件放大。研究表明,它们会诱导更早的外周介导的疲劳,促进更多的运动单位募集,这一事实表明,低负荷下的BFRT具有与高负荷阻力训练相似的运动单位募集现象[13] [18]。此外,通常仅在较高强度下优先募集的II型快速收缩肌纤维在BFRT条件下在较低负荷下被激活,这解释了低负荷BFRT为何比单独低负荷运动更能促进肌肉肥大[19]-[21]。然而,更多的运动单位募集并不限于闭塞区域远端的肌肉。在上肢和下肢BFRT中,与对照组相比,更多的近端肌肉群[臀大肌、肩部(三角肌/肩袖)和胸大肌]具有更高水平的募集[22] [23]。这一现象是对闭塞部位远端协同肌肉群早期疲劳的反应,也是手术或损伤后止血带不能在近端应用BFRT的重要原因。BFRT运动的超生理益处也可有部分原因是卫星细胞的增殖,卫星细胞是肌肉结缔组织内负责肌肉生长和再生的多能干细胞。虽然卫星细胞最初被认为只在高阻力训练的环境中被激活,但即使在BFRT的低负荷下,它们的增殖也会增加,肌肉蛋白质合成、肌核含量、肌纤维大小和肌肉力量也会增加[19] BFRT期间和之后出现的生理适应,这一现象被发现是由几种显著的细胞信号通路介导的。通过雷帕霉素途径的机制靶点刺激蛋白质翻译,这在肌肉蛋白质合成和肥大中很重要[24]-[26],似乎在BFRT的作用中起着重要作用[15] [16],而肌肉生长的负调节因子和肌肉纤维化的促进剂——肌肉生长抑制素已被证明在BFRT后下调[17] [27] [28]

BFRT对神经系统也有着较为深远的影响,Brandner等[29]的开创性研究首次证实,急性BFR抗阻训练可显著增强皮质运动兴奋性。Næss-Schmidt等[30]针对脑卒中患者的初步研究中发现在脑卒中患者和健康人群中,BFR训练后胫骨前肌的MEP振幅均增加,提示BFRT可能通过增强皮质脊髓束兴奋性促进运动恢复。Colomer-Poveda等[31]的研究探讨了BFR训练对脊髓运动神经元的影响,他们研究得出4周低负荷BFR训练后,比目鱼肌的V波(反映皮质脊髓束对运动神经元的驱动)和H反射(反映脊髓运动神经元兴奋性)发生变化,BFR可能通过增强皮质驱动和改变运动神经元兴奋性来促进力量增长。Copithorne等[32]的研究区分了BFR对皮质和脊髓水平的影响,在低强度等长收缩期间,BFR对皮质脊髓兴奋性的影响主要发生在脊髓上水平(皮质和皮质脊髓束),而非脊髓水平。Frechette等[33]研究了BFR对皮质静息期(cSP)的影响,无BFR的运动后,cSP持续时间减少,BFR运动后,cSP持续时间增加,表明BFR可能通过独特的神经化学机制调节皮质兴奋性,其机制可能涉及GABA-A和GABA-B受体活性。

尽管每种机制途径的确切贡献可能尚未完全了解,但现有证据提供了重要的见解,将有助于指导进一步的研究,以优化康复工作。

4. 血流限制性训练在脑卒中后肌肉力量康复中的应用研究

4.1. 血流限制性训练临床研究进展

BFRT已经被多次应用在脑卒中后患者的肌肉力量康复。陈等人[34]的研究将71例脑梗死合并肌少症的患者随机分成仅进行低强度抗阻训练的对照组和同时增加BFRT的观察组,训练12周后发现观察组的握力、SPPB评分及MBI评分、ASM、SMI评分及ASM、GH、IGF-1高于对照组,观察组IL-6低于对照组,提示BFRT联合低强度抗阻训练能改善脑梗死合并肌少症老年患者的肌肉力量、体能及日常生活能力,提高其骨骼肌质量,促进合成代谢激素分泌并降低炎症因子水平。龚等人[35]在一项52例病例的研究中证明在施加BFRT之后,脑卒中患者的股四头肌肌力明显高于没有施加BFRT的对照组,说明BFRT疗法提高了患者下肢肌肉力量。Allison等人[36]对10名脑卒中患者缺血性调节,实验证明缺血性调节使麻痹腿部力量增加10.6 ± 8.5 Nm,而在假手术组中没有观察到差异。 缺血性调节诱导的强度增加伴随着最大收缩期间肌肉EMG幅度增加31% ± 15%和次最大收缩期间运动单位募集阈值降低5%。肢体的缺血性调节已成为改善健康个体肌肉性能的有效策略,但从未在神经人群中进行过测试。在这项研究中,对慢性中风幸存者的麻痹腿进行局部缺血调节可以增加腿部力量和肌肉激活,同时降低运动单位募集阈值。Li等人[37]通过一项随机实验研究探讨了上肢缺血后处理作为急性脑卒中患者辅助治疗的疗效。结果显示,这种干预措施可以改善患者的神经功能和肢体功能。更多的研究把BFRT运用在了肌肉骨骼损伤后的康复[20] [38] [39],这些研究证实BFRT能够更加有效地提高肌肉力量,减轻肌肉萎缩和肌肉流失等症状,结合关于BFRT在脑卒中患者中的相关研究,在后续的研究中可以更多的将BFRT引入脑卒中的肌肉力量康复中,为脑卒中患者康复提高新的治疗措施。

4.2. 血流限制性训练的训练方案

到目前为止,最常见的BFRT形式是阻力运动(BFR-RE),其益处在多项系统综述和荟萃分析得到证明[8] [40]。从这些研究中可以清楚地看出,低负荷BFR-RE在多个方面优于单独的低负荷阻力训练,包括增强肌肉力量和大小,并与单独的高负荷阻力训练相当。然而,尽管低负荷BFR-RE在肌肉力量方面不一定优于高负荷阻力训练,但在关节上的机械应力较小的情况下以更高频率训练的能力允许在术后、受伤和心脏康复患者、赛季运动员和老年人中广泛应用。与单独的低负荷训练相比,用BFRT增强低负荷康复训练可以在肌肉力量方面产生更大的反应,虽然力量增长的幅度似乎小于大负荷训练。然而,BFRT结合低负荷训练是单独低负荷训练的更有效的替代方案,可以作为大负荷训练的替代方案。因此,BFRT结合低负荷训练可用作恢复大负荷运动过程中的渐进性临床康复工具。Coe等人[41]的研究显示随着BFRT加入低负荷训练,69%的人群将获得更大的肌肉力量增益,但目前并没有明确的文献表明这之间的具体机制,其原因可能是由肌肉增生和神经适配驱动,类似于在大负荷训练中观察到的,其中的潜在机制也可能是相似的。此外,在运动员相关的研究中,同样发现了BFRT结合低负荷训练与单独的低负荷训练相比,肌肉维度增加更大[38] [42]。在患有临床肌无力的个体中比较BFRT结合低负荷训练和大负荷训练的研究显示出肌肉横截面积(CSA)有相近的增加[43],这与之前的研究报道相一致[44]。尽管BFRT结合低负荷训练增加肌肉的力量和维度的具体机制并不明确,但多数研究报道该训练方式与大负荷训练的效果相近。在住院患者或老年人中,身体健康的这一组成部分可能是功能恢复的关键。与阻力训练相比,BFRT与有氧运动(BFR-AE)的研究更加有限,但与对照组相比,有氧健身的标志物,包括绝对和相对耗氧量(VO2)以及运动疲劳的时间,都显示出更多的增加[45]。此外,即使在已经接受过高训练的运动员中,低强度运动与BFRT相结合也显示出类似的实质性改善[46]

为了使BFR-RE实施起来简明、实用,建议将1次重复最大值的20%至40%与BFR袖带压力设定在肢体闭塞压力(LOP)的40%至80%之间[47]。一般来说,建议每组之间休息30至60秒,主要原因是担心较长的时间和间歇性BFR (缓解每组之间的袖带压力)可能会限制适应的压力。建议每周进行2至3次BFR训练,这与每周2至4次标准阻力训练中骨骼肌肥大的建议一致[47]。在早期康复期时,更积极的方案,比如每天两次的BFR训练,可能是加速恢复的合理选择,不过这也需要考虑患者的耐受性。而对于BER-AE,虽然通常认为应达到50% VO2的阈值才能提高有氧能力,但BFR-AE的临床方案在2至6周内达到40% VO2最大值可能能够在短短15至20分钟内达到类似的效果[46] [48]。这些影响被认为是由静脉回流的减少介导的,可以通过心率的增加来补偿,从而调整有氧适应的有效窗口。虽然不一定是BFR-AE的主要焦点,但在各种研究中也注意到了力量、肌肉大小、糖原组成、毛细血管纤维密度和功能指标的改善[46] [48]

不同的运动方式选择会带来不同的运动效果,在实施过程中需要针对患者的具体情况进行选择,脑卒中患者绝大数病人身体都处于比较虚弱状态,更加需要依据患者的自身情况选择个性化的训练方案。对于严重痉挛(MAS ≥ 3级)的患者,建议在袖带放置前进行软组织松动术或肌肉能量技术(MET)预处理,Yu等的研究方案中,对脑卒中后痉挛患者采用近端上臂放置袖带(150 mmHg)进行肌肉能量技术结合BFR治疗[49]。Loenneke等指出,肢体周径和收缩压是预测BFR压力的关键因素,上肢最好置于近端上臂(肱骨近端1/3处),下肢置于近端大腿(股骨近端1/3处),脑卒中患者注意偏瘫侧上肢需先在肘关节伸展位测量周径,再调整至功能位放置袖带,下肢常伴有伸肌痉挛,放置袖带时需避免过度牵拉[50]。对于袖带的选择,Jessee等发现[51],袖带宽度影响动脉闭塞压,宽袖带(13.5 cm)比窄袖带需要更低压力,脑卒中患者推荐使用宽袖带(≥10 cm)以减少局部压力集中,对于肢体周径 < 25 cm的萎缩肢体,需使用专门的小号袖带。Jonsson等的系统综述指出[52],脑卒中患者常伴有偏瘫侧感觉障碍,这会影响BFR的安全性和耐受性监测,建议实施BFR前,使用轻触觉、针刺觉、温度觉测试评估感觉障碍程度,对于感觉减退患者,禁止依赖患者主观疼痛报告作为压力调整的唯一指标,必须采用客观监测手段(如多普勒超声确认动脉血流)。

5. 血流限制性训练的安全性与风险

尽管存在血流动力学紊乱和缺血再灌注损伤等风险[53],BFRT已被反复验证,并确认正确训练方式不会比传统运动模式带来更大的安全隐患[54]。日本的一项流行病学研究报告称,除皮肤擦伤外,上述任何不良反应的发生率较低[55]。目前,即使在健康人群中也没有完整的标准化建议。但是在几项研究中报道出现横纹肌病病例,尽管在上述研究中报道的发病率为0.008% [56]。一名肥胖的日本男性在仅进行了三组20次BFRT后就报道了这一点[57],然而,没有该男子训练时的运动负荷或闭塞压力的相关数据,并且该个体已经久坐多年。更有可能的原因是久坐不动的身体不习惯运动的压力或BFRT的不当使用。

BFRT通过部分阻断静脉回流创造缺血环境,理论上可能促进血栓形成。Nascimento等[58]的系统综述分析了BFR训练对凝血系统的影响,核心发现BFRT不会加剧凝血激活,也不会增强纤溶活性。Stavres等[59]的不完全性SCI患者可行性研究发现所有受试者完成训练,无自主神经反射异常或DVT形成迹象,D-二聚体水平未显著升高,该研究使用了不推荐临床使用的过高压力(125% AOP),但即使在此压力下也未观察到DVT。

横纹肌病出现更可能是伴随废用性肌萎缩而出现的,重要的是,治疗师在实施训练前应排除横纹肌病的潜在原因,如感染和长时间固定,并在整个训练期间实行包括肌肉损伤标志物(如血清肌酸激酶)的测量。这也强调了在以安全性和有效性为前提选择袖带压力时,更需要制定个性化的BFRT方法。

大多数研究并没有报道BFRT出现不良事件,包括一些血管疾病的发生,但在临床应用中,尤其是脑卒中患者,不良事件的风险可能会加剧,我们在实施训练时必须实时关注患者的反应,以预防不良事件的发生。

6. 总结和展望

BFRT作为热门的运动训练方法,经过许多研究证明将该方法与低负荷训练结合将达到与大负荷相似的效果,从而成为大负荷训练的替代训练之一。BFRT的简便、易于实行、操作方便,强度适中,与大多数脑卒中患者不能进行大负荷训练相匹配,因此也出现了大量将BFRT运用到脑卒中患者肌训练中,并取得一定的实验结果。尽管BFRT在肌肉力量康复中显示出显著优势,但其安全性仍需关注。虽然BFRT被证实是安全的,但在临床应用中,尤其是对于脑卒中患者,仍需谨慎,治疗师在实施BFRT时应排除潜在风险因素。

BFRT作为一种有效的康复手段,其在脑卒中后肌肉力量康复中的应用前景广阔。在后续的研究中,研究者们可以进一步探究BFRT的最佳训练参数,包括压力设置、训练频率、训练时间等,以实现个体化的康复方案,并开展长期随访研究,评估BFRT对脑卒中患者远期功能恢复和生活质量的影响,在更大样本量和更广泛人群中验证BFRT的安全性,制定标准化的操作指南,降低不良事件的发生率。此外,还可以探索BFRT与其他康复技术(如神经反馈训练、虚拟现实康复)的联合应用,以进一步提高康复效果。总之,BFRT在脑卒中后肌肉力量康复中具有显著的潜力,但仍需更多的研究来优化其应用方案,确保其安全性和有效性。未来的研究应着重于深入探讨其作用机制、优化训练参数、评估长期效果以及制定标准化的操作指南,以推动BFRT在临床康复中的广泛应用。

基金项目

重庆医科大学附属康复医院院内科研基金项目(RHCQMU2025006);血流限制联合视觉反馈平衡训练对脑卒中患者的康复疗效观察(Skj2025006)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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