人口老龄化加速背景下养老保障制度可持续性问题研究

Research on the Sustainability of Pension Security Systems against the Background of Accelerating Population Ageing

摘要: 在生育水平持续走低与人口预期寿命不断延长的共同作用下，人口结构转型不仅削弱了养老保障制度的人口支撑和筹资基础，也通过收支结构失衡、制度覆盖分化和代际关系重构等途径，持续累积制度可持续性风险，相关问题已由潜在隐患转化为现实压力。围绕人口老龄化加速对养老保障制度的结构性影响，系统分析养老保障制度在基金运行、制度公平和代际协调等方面面临的现实挑战，并从完善筹资机制、优化制度结构和强化政策协同等方面提出提升养老保障制度可持续性的制度路径，强调通过系统性制度重构增强养老保障体系的长期稳定性与内生韧性，尝试为积极应对人口老龄化提出建议。

Abstract: The combined effects of persistently declining fertility rates and steadily increasing life expectancy have triggered a demographic transition that not only erodes the demographic foundation and funding base of pension security systems, but also continuously accumulates risks to the systems' sustainability through channels such as revenue-expenditure imbalances, diverging coverage levels, and the restructuring of intergenerational relationships. Consequently, these issues have evolved from latent threats into tangible pressures. This study systematically analyses the structural impacts of accelerating population ageing on pension security systems, examining the practical challenges faced in fund operations, systemic equity, and intergenerational coordination. It proposes institutional pathways to enhance sustainability through refining funding mechanisms, optimising system architecture, and strengthening policy coordination. Emphasis is placed on enhancing the long-term stability and endogenous resilience of pension security frameworks through systemic institutional restructuring, thereby offering recommendations for proactively addressing population ageing.