促性腺激素释放激素类似物在中枢性性早熟 治疗中的临床应用与研究回顾
Clinical Application and Research Review of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues in the Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631007, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘晓璇, 马兆慧:济宁医学院临床医学院,山东 济宁;张艳红*:济宁医学院附属医院内分泌与遗传代谢科,山东 济宁
关键词: 促性腺激素释放激素类似物中枢性性早熟生长激素青春期Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues Central Precocious Puberty Growth Hormone Puberty
摘要: 青春期是从儿童期至成年期的过渡时期,儿童青春期的身高增长对成人终身高至关重要。中枢性性早熟(CPP)患者由于下丘脑–垂体–性腺轴(HPGA)功能提前启动、促性腺激素释放激素增加,导致性腺发育并分泌性激素,从而促进内、外生殖器发育及第二性征的出现,这一过程会限制其生长潜力,导致其成人终身高往往未能达到理想水平。目前,促性腺激素释放激素类似物(GnRHa)是治疗CPP的常用药物,已被证实具有可靠的干预疗效;此外,GnRHa联合重组人生长激素(rhGH)治疗也被广泛应用,多数患儿在系统干预后能有效抑制性腺的早期发育。本文旨在详细探讨GnRHa在提高CPP患儿身高方面的临床疗效,为个体化治疗提供更多理论依据。
Abstract: Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, and the height growth of children during adolescence is crucial for adult lifelong height. Patients with central precocious puberty (CPP) often fail to achieve ideal levels of adult lifelong height due to the early activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) function and the increase of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which leads to gonadal development and secretion of sex hormones, thus promoting the development of internal and external genitalia and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) is commonly used in the treatment of CPP, and has been proven to have reliable intervention effects. In addition, GnRHa combined with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is widely used, and most children can effectively inhibit early gonadal development after systematic intervention. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly discuss the clinical efficacy of GnRHa in improving the height of children with CPP, providing more theoretical evidence for personalized treatment.
文章引用:刘晓璇, 马兆慧, 张艳红. 促性腺激素释放激素类似物在中枢性性早熟 治疗中的临床应用与研究回顾[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 2145-2152. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631007

1. GnRHa的作用机制

生理学研究表明,GnRHa通过与垂体前叶促性腺细胞GnRH受体结合,引发短暂的“点火效应”,刺激黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)和卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)一过性释放。持续作用后,使垂体靶细胞受体表达下调,抑制GnRH脉冲分泌的频率和幅度,导致促性腺激素分泌细胞对GnRH敏感性降低。该机制同时抑制HPGA的负反馈调节通路,使LH、FSH及性激素持续处于低水平状态,有效抑制性腺过早激活,控制性发育进程,延缓骨龄进展,防止骨骺过早闭合,保留骨生长板的生长潜能,实现身高追赶[1]。然而,GnRH受体下调是有限的,膜受体的总数下降不会超过基线值的30%,故垂体促性腺激素细胞对内源性GnRH尚保留正常敏感性[4]。因此停止治疗后,自身促性腺激素和性激素分泌会逐渐恢复,继而遵循青春期发展规律进入性发育进程[1],可见,GnRHa对HPGA抑制作用是可逆的。

目前,GnRHa是在临床上治疗CPP的一线药物。常见的GnRHa包括亮丙瑞林、曲普瑞林等。与GnRH相比,GnRHa具有更高的受体亲和力和更强的抗酶降解能力,其药效是天然GnRH的15~200倍[4]。GnRHa剂量根据制剂类型有所不同,国内外尚无统一剂量标准,尽管新长效制剂已获批准,但临床医生更倾向于使用传统的短效制剂[5] [6]。国内常用制剂以曲普瑞林和亮丙瑞林为主,多为缓释制剂,以减少给药频率并维持稳定药效。大多数GnRHa起始剂量为3.75 mg,每4周注射一次,《2022中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗专家共识》推荐后续剂量通常根据体重与治疗方案调整,常见调整剂量为80~100 μg/kg [1]。在欧洲与部分亚洲地区,亮丙瑞林多采用起始剂量3.75 mg/4周,不再推荐基于体重调整;曲普瑞林起始剂量为3.75 mg/4周,必要时可逐渐增至11.25 mg [6]。不同GnRHa制剂在疗效与不良反应方面存在差异,尽管所有制剂疗效确切,制剂与剂量的选择仍需根据患儿年龄、体重及地区规范进行个体化调整,未来仍需要更多研究以统一治疗指南。

2. 单用GnRHa治疗的疗效

GnRHa治疗CPP的核心目标是提高患者的FAH。多项临床研究证实,GnRHa能显著改善患儿FAH,但关于不同年龄CPP患儿治疗后的FAH及身高获益报道不一[7]。大部分研究认为,在6岁前开始治疗的女孩FAH增幅最显著,可达9~10 cm [8]。相较而言,在6~8岁之间开始治疗,部分女孩仍有获益,但疗效差异较大。有研究发现,骨龄提前 ≥ 2.6岁、青春期阶段 ≥ 3或基础雌二醇(Estradiol, E2) ≥ 32.6 pg/ml的女孩,身高增益更为显著。而对于8岁及以上的女孩,GnRHa疗效大幅下降,FAH可能低于遗传靶身高。因此,治疗时机的选择尤为重要[6] [9] [10],7岁以上的女孩需在治疗前密切监测青春期进展,尤其是青春期快速进展或骨龄明显提前者,这类人群可能会从治疗中受益[6]。《2022中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗专家共识》亦强调,GnRHa对大骨龄儿童的FAH改善作用有限,若女童骨龄 > 12.5岁,男童骨龄 > 14.0岁,不宜单独使用GnRHa [1]

另有研究指出治疗持续时间对身高的影响较为突出[11]。Ying等人对101例特发性中枢性性早熟(Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty, ICPP)女孩进行回顾性分析显示,大部分患者治疗后达到了遗传身高,且随治疗时间延长,接近遗传身高的人数比例有所增加[12]。除此之外,一项针对早期快速性青春期(Early and Fast Puberty, EFP)女孩的研究发现,基线卵巢体积(Ovarian Volume, OV)较大的患儿经治疗3年后其身高标准差得分(Height Standard Deviation Score, Ht-SDS)改善有限,提示OV可能与GnRHa疗效相关[13]。目前,盆腔超声已被用于评估GnRHa治疗的效果,有研究发现子宫动脉搏动指数(Pulsatility Index, PI) > 5.4可有效监测治疗,治疗时PI升高提示子宫血流阻力增加,提示激素抑制有效[14]

对于CPP男性患儿,GnRHa治疗对预测成年终身高(Predicted Adult Height, PAH)的显著影响[15]。目前关于男性患儿的研究较少,且仍存在一定争议。

3. GnRHa联合重组人生长激素治疗的疗效

多项研究已证实GnRHa治疗CPP的有效性,然而,部分CPP女童在接受GnRHa治疗后身高未见显著改善,甚至出现生长减速,影响成人身高结局[16]。有研究指出,单独使用GnRHa治疗可能导致生长脉冲性分泌振幅降低,无法有效促进骨骼生长,从而减缓生长速度[17]。而与重组人生长激素(Recombinant Human Growth Hormone, rhGH)联合使用则有助于缓解治疗过程中生长速度过慢的问题[18]。因此,为进一步提高治疗效果,探索GnRHa与rhGH联合应用的疗效已成为必要的研究方向。

国内外研究表明,与单独GnRHa治疗相比,GnRHa联合rhGH治疗组的身高增益为9.22 ± 6.03 cm,显著高于GnRHa单独治疗组[19]。Shi YZ等人通过一项回顾性研究分析了80名ICPP女孩的临床数据,结果发现,联合治疗组在治疗第12、24和30个月时的身高增益显著优于单独治疗组,且治疗前两年的身高增长速度更快[20]。卢蓉等人研究表明,联合治疗组在身高、PAH、年生长速度及按骨龄的身高标准差分值(Height Standard Deviation Score for Bone Age, HtSDS-BA)等方面显著优于单用组[21]。臧亚勤等人研究了曲普瑞林联合rhGH治疗96例CPP女童的疗效。研究发现,与单用组相比,联合治疗组在治疗后子宫体积、卵巢体积、乳房发育、FSH、LH、E2水平等方面均显著降低。此外,联合治疗组的年平均生长速度、HtSDS-BA、PAH等生长指标均优于单用组[22],宋建等人的研究结果与此一致[23]。关于加用rhGH的时机存在不同观点。有研究建议在GnRHa治疗后身高增长速度小于4 cm/年时或低于同性别同龄儿童的P25时加用rhGH联合治疗,也有研究认为可以在GnRHa治疗连续3个月身高增长速度低于0.4~0.5 cm/月时联合治疗较为有效,还有研究提出,在GnRHa治疗半年PAH没有改善,或PAH低于同性别身高P5时联合治疗效果最佳[24]-[27]

尽管相关研究在样本量、疗程和评估指标上存在差异,尚缺乏大规模临床证据,GnRHa与rhGH联合治疗在促进身高增长、提高PAH方面具有明显优势,这些研究为临床个体化治疗方案的制定提供了坚实有力的理论支持。

4. GnRHa的安全性

GnRHa治疗过程中偶尔出现皮疹、潮红、头痛,但通常短暂轻微,不影响治疗,个别患者在治疗期间出现超敏反应[28] [29]。此外,尚有少数不良反应的零星报告,包括抽搐、Q‑T间期延长、股骨头滑脱、垂体卒中、假性脑瘤、动脉高血压、血管炎等[30] [31]。GnRHa会降低体内雌激素水平,可能会对儿童的生殖系统、骨骼发育、循环代谢及其心理方面产生潜在影响。因此需进一步的深入研究和全面评估,以确保其安全性。

4.1. GnRHa对生殖功能的影响

卵巢储备功能是女性生殖功能的重要指标,常用评估指标包括血清LH、FSH、FSH/LH、E2、血清抗米勒管激素(Anti-Müllerian Hormone, AMH)、子宫体积(Uterine Volume, UV)、OV、平均卵巢直径和卵巢间质血流量[32] [33]。其中AMH已成为卵巢储备的可靠标志物[34]-[36]。一项回顾性研究探究了GnRHa治疗对CPP女孩卵巢储备功能的影响,结果显示,治疗期间子宫和卵巢体积、LH、FSH及E2水平均显著抑制,但停药后逐渐恢复,并在初潮或月经恢复后超过治疗前水平。AMH水平在治疗6个月后短暂下降,FSH/LH比值在治疗12个月后显著升高,停药后均恢复正常。这表明GnRHa治疗对卵巢储备存在一定抑制作用,但这种影响是可逆的,目前仍需要通过长期随访数据验证[37]

多个研究提示,儿童期接受GnRHa治疗可能增加成人期患多囊卵巢综合症(Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PCOS)或高雄激素血症的风险。Orszulak等人发现,接受GnRHa治疗的女性中,PCOS的发生率为50%,显著高于对照组10%。此外,研究还发现,治疗组的自由睾酮水平与卵巢大小呈显著线性相关[38]。一项回顾性队列研究显示,治疗组的脱氢表雄酮硫酸盐和Δ4-雄烯二酮水平明显高于未治疗组,PCOS的发生率显著增加[39]。然而,Karavani等人与Buyukyilmaz等人的研究未发现GnRHa治疗的女性与未治疗组之间PCOS和高雄激素血症的患病率存在差异[40] [41]。目前尽管部分研究提示PCOS或高雄激素血症的发病率增加,GnRHa治疗与PCOS及高雄激素血症的关系尚存争议。

4.2. GnRHa对骨代谢的影响

一项研究跟踪了47名CPP和早期性发育的儿童,评估治疗前、治疗期间及停药后的骨密度、骨代谢标志物与身体成分。结果表明,治疗前6个月骨转换标志物显著下降,治疗后趋于稳定。提示GnRHa对骨代谢的影响是可逆的,治疗结束后大多数指标恢复至正常范围,长期治疗不影响患者的骨骼健康[42]。有研究表明,曲普瑞林在治疗ICPP患儿时,对骨代谢有显著影响。赵庆贺等人研究显示,高剂量曲普瑞林组(80 μg/kg)的骨龄明显高于低剂量组(60 μg/kg),提示高剂量治疗可能加速骨骼的成熟,但骨代谢标志物在两组之间未显示显著差异[43]。李建英等人的研究结果同样显示,12个月治疗后两组的骨代谢标志物骨钙素N端中分子片段(N-terminal mid-fragment of osteocalcin, N-MID)和前胶原I型氨基端前肽(Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide, PINP)均显著低于治疗前,但差异不大[44]。不同剂量的GnRHa对骨代谢的具体作用仍需进一步探索,部分研究表明,在GnRHa治疗期间,卵巢功能受抑制可导致骨矿物质沉积受限,但按年龄或身高矫正后的骨密度无显著变化,且在停药后2年内基本恢复正常[39]

4.3. GnRHa对循环代谢的影响

GnRHa治疗通常会经历短期体重增加。一项研究回顾性研究显示,58名接受GnRHa治疗的CPP或EFP青少年女孩在治疗结束时体重指数标准差分值(Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score, BMI SDS)显著上升,在青春期后期有所下降,且与治疗前相比无显著差异。这表明,GnRHa治疗对体重指数(Body Mass Index, BMI)产生长期负面影响有限[41]。Loochi SA等人的一项前瞻性观察研究发现,GnRHa治疗期间,患儿的脂肪含量逐渐增加,肌肉质量减少,体能功能逐渐下降,这些变化无法仅通过饮食和运动习惯或基础代谢率(Basal Metabolic Rate, BMR)解释[45]。也有研究发现GnRHa治疗未对BMI产生影响。Faienza MF等人的一项回顾性队列研究纳入了94名已达到成年身高并至少2年有月经的ICPP女孩,研究显示,治疗组与未治疗组在BMI和腰围上无显著差异,但治疗组的胰岛素抵抗水平显著升高[39]

此外,研究发现GnRHa治疗期间雌激素水平下降可引发肝脏代谢紊乱,导致胰岛素抵抗[39],并因胰岛素水平增高促进甲状腺细胞增殖,引起甲状腺功能异常,现有研究中,GnRHa与甲状腺功能障碍关联的证据尚存争议[46],多数研究未发现明显关联[47]

4.4. GnRHa对心理的影响

早期证据表明,治疗前CPP女孩相较于同龄健康女孩,已表现出更高的心理行为问题、自我认知与社交困扰的风险,并可能影响治疗依从性。多数研究表明,GnRHa治疗并未加重患儿的认知功能及社会心理问题,能够有效改善或逆转CPP带来的部分负面心理影响[48]。一项前瞻性研究显示,在开始GnRHa治疗时,有30.3%的CPP女孩其心理行为问题评分处于需要临床关注的范围内,治疗12个月后这一比例下降至10.6% [49]。另一项研究也证实,治疗后患儿的行为问题发生率显著低于治疗前[50]。总体而言,GnRHa治疗对CPP儿童的心理健康具有积极的改善作用,主要体现在减少临床范围的行为问题、减轻抑郁症状、提升自尊和自信等方面,并使患儿的整体心理韧性与健康同龄人相当。

5. 总结和未来研究方向

综上所述,CPP患儿生长提前、骨骺过早闭合导致FAH受限,过早的性征出现及生殖器官发育可能影响患儿心理发育。GnRHa治疗应严格掌握指征,结合发育年龄、初始身高、BA、身高增长速度、预测身高、期望身高等多方面进行个体化评估与决策,并在治疗过程中密切关注发育进程、生长情况及安全性指标。相较于单用GnRHa,GnRHa联合rhGH的治疗方案可在青春期有限的生长期内发挥较大的生长潜力,从而实现更为理想的身高。目前,对于单用GnRHa治疗后身高增长速度明显减慢者是否采取联合 rhGH治疗、治疗时机、有效性及副反应等方面尚需要进一步临床研究。未来的研究还应重点关注治疗过程中系统性、长期性的临床随访,以评估GnRHa联合rhGH治疗的长期疗效以及可能带来的健康风险,特别是需要关注治疗结束后患者骨骼和内分泌功能的长期变化,以及是否存在潜在的副作用。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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