炎性因子在缺血性卒中的作用以及SERS的 应用探讨
The Role of Inflammatory Factors in Ischemic Stroke and the Application of SERS
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631019, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 付 雪:暨南大学附属第一医院神经内科,广东 广州;杨万勇*:暨南大学附属第五医院神经内科,广东 河源
关键词: 急性缺血性卒中炎性因子表面增强拉曼光谱Acute Ischemic Stroke Inflammatory Factors Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
摘要: 急性缺血性卒中(AIS)是由于脑部血液供应中断导致的缺血性损伤,是全球范围内导致死亡和残疾的主要疾病之一。其病理机制复杂,涉及血管损伤、血栓形成以及随后水肿、氧化应激和直接诱导神经元死亡。因此,炎性因子对急性缺血性卒中的影响,抗炎治疗对急性缺血性卒中患者的神经保护作用受到广泛关注。但目前临床上对血清炎性指标的检测存在诸多限制,无法对急性缺血性卒中患者血清炎性因子进行精准快速的检测,对临床抗炎治疗不能提供技术指导。而表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)作为一种基于分子振动的光谱技术,因其操作便捷、高灵敏度、高特异性和非破坏性检测的特点,近年来在炎症因子的检测中得到了广泛关注和应用。本文结合国内外研究进展,综合急性缺血性卒中与炎症因子的关系,以及SERS检测技术特点,为急性缺血性卒中精准诊治进行探索。
Abstract: Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) is an ischemic injury caused by the interruption of cerebral blood supply and is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Its pathological mechanism is complex, involving vascular injury, thrombosis and subsequent edema, oxidative stress and direct induction of neuronal death. Therefore, the impact of inflammatory factors on AIS and the neuroprotective effects of anti-inflammatory therapy in AIS patients have garnered widespread attention. However, current clinical detection of serum inflammatory markers faces numerous limitations, making it difficult to achieve rapid and precise measurement of inflammatory factors in AIS patients, thereby failing to provide technical guidance for clinical anti-inflammatory treatment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), a molecular vibration-based spectroscopic technique, has gained increasing attention and application in the detection of inflammatory factors due to its operational convenience, high sensitivity, high specificity, and non-destructive detection capabilities. This article integrates domestic and international research advancements, synthesizes the relationship between AIS and inflammatory factors, and explores the characteristics of SERS detection technology to contribute to the precision diagnosis and treatment of AIS.
文章引用:付雪, 杨万勇. 炎性因子在缺血性卒中的作用以及SERS的 应用探讨[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 2250-2257. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631019

1. 引言

急性缺血性卒中(Acute Ischemic Stroke, AIS),一种高致残率和致死率的脑血管疾病[1]。目前的研究发现,炎症在急性缺血性卒中患者血脑屏障的破坏、微血管衰竭、脑水肿、氧化应激等过程中起着重要的作用,并影响患者的长期神经功能康复[2]。其中关键性炎性因子如:白细胞介素6 (Interleukin-6, IL-6)、白细胞介素1 (Interleukin-1, IL-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, TNF-α)、超敏c反应蛋白(High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hs-CRP)等,它们与急性缺血性卒中的预防、早期诊断、梗死面积大小、预后、治疗方面存在千丝万缕的关系[3]。然而,目前临床上对这些炎性因子的检测仍面临诸多挑战,传统方法如:酶联免疫吸附试验(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA)、比色分析方法(Colorimetric Method, CM)等,大多存在操作繁琐、灵敏度不足或无法实现多组分同步检测的问题,这极大地限制了炎性因子对临床实践的指导作用[4]。表面增强拉曼光谱(Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, SERS)其作为一种新兴的光谱技术,不仅具备操作便捷、高灵敏度、高特异性的优势,还可以实现非破坏性检测。SERS通过纳米材料增强拉曼光谱信号,可实现痕量分子的精准检测,甚至突破fg/mL级别的检测限,为多组分炎性因子的同步分析提供了可能。此外,SERS技术在复杂生物样本(如血液)中的优异表现,使其在急性缺血性卒中的早期诊断、预后评估及个体化治疗中展现出广阔的应用前景[5]。本文旨在综述炎性因子与急性缺血性卒中的关系,结合SERS技术在炎性因子检测中的独特优势及其临床应用潜力,以期为急性缺血性卒中的精准诊疗提供新的思路和参考。

2. AIS和炎性因子的关系

2.1. IL-6、IL-1、hs-CRP和AIS进展及复发的关系

绝大多数急性缺血性卒中患者具有一个或多个风险因素,包括肥胖、高血压、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病和感染、年龄等[6],所有这些合并症都有一个共同因素——即炎症因子水平升高[7],其中IL-6、IL-1、hs-CRP是其关键炎症因子[8]-[10]。IL-6通过肝脏、巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞、内皮细胞和T淋巴细胞等5个途径[11],促进炎症反应和氧化应激,加速脂质沉积和泡沫细胞形成,从而参与斑块形成,使斑块易破裂,加剧动脉粥样硬化的进展[12],同时IL-6可以诱导肝细胞中血浆纤维蛋白原激活物抑制剂和纤维蛋白原的产生,导致血液凝固并促进血栓形成[13]。而动脉粥样硬化斑块的进展和不稳定亦是急性缺血性卒中复发的重要因素之一[14],因此,IL-6水平的升高不仅增加急性缺血性卒中事件发生的风险,亦增加了急性缺血性卒中患者的复发概率。对于IL-1来说,有研究利用抗炎策略表明,抑制IL-1会阻碍动脉粥样硬化病变的进展[15],不仅减少急性缺血性卒中事件发生概率,亦减少急性缺血性卒中复发风险。此外,hs-CRP浓度升高是已知的首次复发性脑血管事件的预测指标之一[16],在具有急性缺血性卒中危险因素的患者中,hs-CRP的水平与其发生急性缺血性卒中事件的风险呈正相关[17],hs-CRP亦被认为是评估动脉粥样硬化疾病风险的最有前途的标志物之一[18],血浆hs-CRP水平的升高可显著预测老年人未来急性缺血性卒中事件和短暂性脑缺血发作的发生风险[17]。简而言之,这些发现表明IL-6、IL-1、hs-CRP对于急性缺血性卒中事件发生及复发起着重要作用,靶向IL-1/IL-6/hs-CRP被认为是预防急性缺血性卒中发生、消除急性缺血性卒中复发残余风险的潜在有效途径。

2.2. TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、MMPs和AIS发病早期的关系

溶栓治疗是急性缺血性卒中的关键治疗手段,但静脉溶栓治疗存在严格时间窗限制,对于醒后卒中患者而言,由于发病时间不明确,传统时间窗(如静脉溶栓4.5小时)的应用受限[19] [20],而炎性因子检测或可弥补这一缺陷。有研究证明,IL-6是一种高度敏感的中风生物标志物[21]。对于健康人群来说,IL-6受到严格调控,在正常脑组织中低表达,一旦脑组织发生损伤,那么IL-6水平将大幅增加[12],并在激发性损伤后1天内达到峰值。而由小胶质细胞和单核细胞产生的白细胞介素1β (Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β),其水平在急性脑损伤后的15-30分钟内迅速增加,并在6小时内显著升高,24~72小时后开始下降[22]。TNF-α是决定炎症反应开始的敏感参数,在1~3小时内出现第一个峰值,并在24~36小时内峰值一直持续,72~144小时后才开始逐渐下降[22]。同样,急性缺血性卒中患者中基质金属蛋白酶家族(Matrix Metalloproteinases, MMPs)也存在早期表达,在一项病例对照研究中,我们发现与健康患者组相比,急性缺血性卒中患者在症状出现后的24小时内采集的血清MMPs-8浓度显著增高[23]。除此之外,MMPs-9的连续测量亦被证明是持续脑损伤的有用标志物[23],MMPs-9水平在缺血性卒中的超急性期显著过表达,并在24小时后达到峰值[24]。综上所述,多重炎性因子检测或可用于急性缺血性卒中的早期诊断,从而对临床急性缺血性卒中的诊断和溶栓治疗提供更多的参考价值。

2.3. TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和AIS严重程度的关系

研究表明,TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10与急性缺血性卒中的临床严重程度和范围密切相关。TNF-α具有双重作用,它既可以加剧又可以减少梗死的演变[25]。一方面,血清TNF-α水平的增加将加重神经功能缺损的程度,并增加脑梗死体积,用特异性单克隆抗体阻断TNF-α可赋予神经保护作用[26]。另一方面,小胶质细胞产生的TNF-α对缺血神经元具有保护作用[27],在卒中诱导前给予TNF-α可显著减少大鼠的梗死面积并改善大鼠的神经功能[28]。对于白细胞介素4 (Interleukin-6, IL-4)来说,IL-4治疗可减小缺血性卒中动物模型中的梗死面积并改善神经功能缺损[29]。而血清IL-6水平的增加与神经功能缺损的程度及脑梗死体积呈正相关[30]。亦有研究证明,白细胞介素10 (Interleukin-10, IL-10)可以介导Th2细胞的功能,发挥保护作用,并减少缺血性梗死病变[31],在过表达IL-10的转基因小鼠中,缺血性卒中4天后小鼠梗死面积减小,细胞凋亡受到限制[32]。此外,静脉内和中枢脑室内外源性IL-10给药均减少了永久性大脑中动脉闭塞模型小鼠(Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion, MCAO)的梗死面积[33]。产生IL-10的B细胞和产生IL-10的CD4+ T细胞亦可减少MCAO小鼠脑梗后缺血性梗死体积[33] [34]。综上所述,对于脑梗后梗死面积而言,IL-4、IL-10具有保护作用,IL-6会增加脑梗死面积,而TNF-α具有双重作用,既有神经保护作用又可加剧脑组织损伤。

2.4. IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-38和AIS预后的关系

IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-38等炎性因子对于脑梗死的预后具有重要意义。与预后良好的患者相比,3个月时功能结果不佳的急性缺血性卒中患者的IL-2受体α (Interleukin-2 receptor alpha, sIL-2Rα)水平显著升高,IL-2水平显著降低[35]。在不同研究中,IL-6被认为是短期和长期较差神经系统结局的有前途的生物标志物[36] [37],中风后前24小时内血清中IL-6浓度的增加与患者功能状态的恶化有关,并且与梗死面积大小之间存在显著相关性[30],血清中IL-6浓度的增加与中风后3个月或1年的死亡率相关[38],当血清中IL-6浓度超过6.47 pg/mL时,急性缺血性卒中患者的生存机会将会降低。而一项针对374名急性缺血性卒中患者的前瞻性研究表明,PCT和CRP均可独立预测急性缺血性卒中患者长期死亡率[9]。在非生存患者的血清中PCT水平较高(ρ < 0.001),与CRP相比,PCT是更好的死亡率预测指标,敏感性为81.5%,特异性为84.7% [39]。此外,高水平的IL-10预示着良好的功能结局,低IL-38水平的患者预后更差。而急性缺血性卒中早期的残疾程度与血清IL-8水平呈正相关[40]。尽管有这些有希望的证据,但单一炎症介质的测定并不能反映全身免疫反应的异质性和复杂性。相反,检测不同炎性标志物的数据可能更具代表性,对临床实践更具指导作用。

2.5. IL-1、IL-2/IL-2Ab、IL-4、IL-10对脑梗死患者神经保护的作用

IL-1已被证明在脑损伤中起着核心作用,白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂(Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist,IL-1Ra)治疗永久MCAO大鼠可减少急性缺血性卒中后的梗死面积和血脑屏障损伤,并且在中枢和外周给药后均具有保护作用[41]。而在大鼠的临时MCAO模型中,脑室内注射抗白细胞介素-1β抗体(Anti-IL-1β antibody, Anti-IL-1β Ab)可以限制缺血性损伤[42] [43]。亦有研究表明IL-2/IL-2抗体复合体(IL-2/IL-2Ab)可通过促进扩增的调节性T细胞中分化簇39 (Cluster of Differentiation 39, CD39)和分化簇73 (Cluster of Differentiation 73, CD73)的表达,协调增加调节性T细胞数量,从而改善白质完整性并长期挽救神经功能[44]。与用同种型免疫球蛋白G (Immunoglobulin G, IgG)治疗的中风小鼠相比,IL-2/IL-2Ab治疗的中风小鼠会选择性地增加淋巴结、脾脏和血液中调节性T细胞的数量,显著减少梗死体积,抑制神经炎症,并改善感觉运动功能[44]。在急性缺血性卒中患者血清中白细胞介素4 (Interleukin4, IL-4)水平在中风发作后数小时显著升高[45]。而在中风动物模型中,IL-4缺乏的动物模型在短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞后24小时加剧了脑损伤[46],以上表明IL-4在中风发作后不久就作为早期内源性神经保护机制发挥作用。IL-4缺乏会显著损害感觉运动和认知表现,而补充IL-4可改善脑缺血后的长期功能结果[29]。除此之外,IL-4可增强脑室下区和海马齿状回的神经发生,从而改善卒中后的功能恢复。另一项研究发现,IL-10治疗减少了缺血性卒中大鼠的脑损伤并改善了神经功能,并减少了炎症[47]

2.6. 抗炎治疗在AIS治疗中的应用探索

近年来,针对炎性因子的治疗在急性缺血性卒中的应用探索中逐渐成为研究热点。多项研究表明,通过靶向抑制IL-6/CRP轴或上游的NLRP3炎症小体,可抑制炎症级联反应,从而减少心脑血管事件的发生[48]。秋水仙碱是其中的代表[49]。目前,一项多中心临床试验:CHANCE-3试验(NCT05439356)正在评估秋水仙碱对hs-CRP ≥ 2 mg/L的轻中度急性缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者,90天内急性缺血性卒中复发的预防效果,有望为急性缺血性卒中的二级预防提供新证据。而在心血管领域的COLCOT和LoDoCo2研究已经证实秋水仙碱可显著降低冠心病患者心血管事件风险,这提示了其在急性缺血性卒中中的潜在价值[50] [51]。若CHANCE-3研究取得阳性结果,或将填补急性缺血性卒中抗炎二级预防的循证空白,为急性缺血性卒中的抗炎治疗提供证据支持

2.7. 目前炎性因子常用检测方法及其局限性

临床上常用的检测炎性因子的方法有ELISA、比色法、电化学免疫传感器和化学发光免疫分析等[5] [52]。其中,ELISA是一种成熟的技术,但该方法操作繁琐,耗费大量人力和时间。比色法其动态范围窄,几乎无法同时检测浓度差异很大的多种生物标志物[53] (例如,pg/mL∙μg/mL),而临床上CRP、IL-6和降钙素原(Procalcitonin, PCT)标记物浓度范围差异很大,从pg/mL到μg/mL皆有,比色法无法实现高灵敏度和宽线性范围的检测标记物。而电化学免疫传感器法虽然可以实现多指标联检,但是其抗干扰能力较弱、稳定性与重现性较差、成本高昂、操作复杂。化学发光免疫分析虽然具有高灵敏度、宽动态范围等优势,但是通常需凑齐一定样本量(如96孔板)才能高效运行,单样本检测效率低,并且成本高昂[54]。因此,寻找一种简便快捷、灵敏特异、能够同时检测多种成分的技术已成为临床上的迫切需求。

3. SERS在血清炎性因子检测中的优势

SERS是一种基于纳米结构金属(如金、银)表面等离子共振效应的超灵敏光谱技术,通过将待测分子吸附于特殊纳米材料表面,可将其拉曼光谱信号增强数百万至数十亿倍,从而实现对痕量物质的高特异性检测[54]。近期有研究报道了一种基于Ag涂层磁性海胆状多孔核壳结构的SERS传感器,该设计在临床血液样本中成功实现了对脓毒血症关键炎症标志物(CRP、IL-6、PCT)的同步、精密定量检测[55]。在该研究中,同时对CRP、IL-6、PCT的抗体进行扫描即可同步捕获三种标志物信号,避免了传统方法需分步检测的繁琐流程,并且利用磁性纳米颗粒5分钟内即可快速分离目标分子,屏蔽血液中复杂基质干扰[5]。并且将血清炎性因子的检测极限提高至fg/mL级别:CRP (100 fg/mL)、IL-6 (0.1 fg/mL)、PCT (1.0 fg/mL),灵敏度较ELISA提升3~4个数量级,可捕捉最早期生物标志物变化[54] [55]。综上所述,该技术凭借“多指标联检–快速检出–飞克级灵敏度”的优势,在复杂临床血液样本中低浓度多组分炎性因子的检测领域具有广阔的应用前景。

4. SERS对急性缺血性卒中患者诊治的临床应用展望

TNF-α、CRP、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10等炎性因子是AIS关键的调控因子,与急性缺血性卒中的预防、早期诊断、治疗及预后密切相关,抗炎药物种类及其剂量的选择已成为急性缺血性卒中治疗的新途径。连续动态监测相关炎性因子的变化,不仅可优化醒后卒中患者的溶栓决策,还可检测病情加重或缓解的各种情况下的炎性因子变化,为抗炎治疗(如IL-6抑制剂Tocilizumab、IL-1β阻断剂Anakinra)提供剂量调整依据,从而为急性缺血性卒中患者提供更精准的治疗方案。SERS对样本要求不高,血液样本即可满足检测,并以其方便快捷、高特异性、高灵敏度、多组分同时检测等特点,为实现急性缺血性卒中精准诊治提供可能的技术保障。但是目前该检测技术仅见于脓毒血症等感染性疾病中的应用,但在急性缺血性卒中患者中的应用尚未见报道。因此有必要开展相关临床研究,进一步验证SERS对卒中相关因子的检测效能,并探索其与影像学、临床评分的联合应用价值,以推动个体化抗炎治疗及预后评估体系的构建。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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