二甲双胍通过调控肿瘤微环境抑制 上皮–间质转化的研究进展
Research Progress on the Inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Metformin through Regulation of the Tumor Microenvironment
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631033, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 梁亚坤*, 翟天慧:承德医学院研究生学院,河北 承德;缪国东, 马志红#:承德市中心医院医疗美容科,河北 承德
关键词: 二甲双胍肿瘤微环境上皮–间质转化Metformin Tumor Microenvironment Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
摘要: 上皮–间质转化(EMT)是肿瘤细胞获得侵袭转移能力、增强耐药性等生物学特性的核心过程,其发生发展与肿瘤微环境的动态调控密切相关。肿瘤微环境中的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞、免疫抑制细胞及可溶性细胞因子等成分,共同构成“促EMT”的微环境稳态。二甲双胍作为临床一线降糖药物,近年被证实具有抗肿瘤活性,其作用机制除直接调节肿瘤细胞代谢外,还可通过重塑肿瘤微环境间接抑制EMT进程,为肿瘤转移的防治提供了新的靶点。本文系统综述二甲双胍对肿瘤微环境核心成分的调控作用,及其与EMT抑制的分子机制关联,总结当前研究争议,并展望未来,旨在为深入理解二甲双胍的非代谢依赖抗肿瘤效应提供参考。
Abstract: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a core process by which tumor cells acquire invasive and metastatic abilities, as well as enhanced drug resistance, and it is closely related to the dynamic regulation of the tumor microenvironment. The components of the tumor microenvironment, such as tumor-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, immunosuppressive cells, and soluble cytokines, collectively form a “promoting EMT” microenvironmental homeostasis. Metformin, as a first-line hypoglycemic drug in clinical practice, has recently been proven to have anti-tumor activity. Its mechanism of action not only directly regulates the metabolism of tumor cells but also can indirectly inhibit the EMT process by reshaping the tumor microenvironment, providing a new target for the prevention and treatment of tumor metastasis. This article systematically reviews the regulatory effects of metformin on the core components of the tumor microenvironment and their molecular mechanisms associated with EMT inhibition, summarizes current research controversies, and looks forward to the future, aiming to provide a reference for in-depth understanding of the non-metabolic-dependent anti-tumor effect of metformin.
文章引用:梁亚坤, 翟天慧, 缪国东, 马志红. 二甲双胍通过调控肿瘤微环境抑制 上皮–间质转化的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 2369-2377. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631033

1. 引言

肿瘤转移是导致癌症患者死亡的首要原因,而EMT是肿瘤转移启动阶段的关键步骤,在EMT过程中,上皮细胞丧失了顶端–基底极性和稳定的细胞–细胞接触,同时转变为了更具有侵袭性的纺锤形的间质样的形态,这一形态的变化与上皮细胞标志物(如E-cadherin、claudins、ZO-1)表达的抑制和间充质细胞标志物(如Ncadherin、Vimentin、Fn)表达的增强有关,同时细胞迁移和侵袭的能力以及对细胞凋亡抵抗的能力增强[1] [2]。EMT的发生并非肿瘤细胞自主行为,而是受肿瘤微环境(Tumor Microenvironment, TME)的精密调控,TME作为肿瘤细胞生存的“土壤”,其成分异常可通过激活TGF-β/Smad、Wnt/β-catenin等信号通路,直接驱动EMT进程[3] [4]。二甲双胍作为典型的降糖药,已在2型糖尿病治疗中应用数十年。近年流行病学研究发现,长期服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者肿瘤发生率显著降低,且肿瘤患者的转移风险与预后改善相关[5]-[7]。后续机制研究证实,二甲双胍可直接抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,但更重要的是通过“改造”TME,切断其对EMT的支持[8]-[10],这一非代谢依赖效应逐渐成为研究热点。目前,关于二甲双胍调控TME或抑制EMT的单一方向综述较多,但聚焦“TME调控EMT抑制”协同机制的系统总结仍较缺乏。本文围绕二甲双胍对TME核心成分的调控作用,及其与EMT抑制的分子关联展开综述,为其临床转化提供理论依据。

2. TME与EMT的相互作用:机制基础

TME是指肿瘤中呈现的非癌细胞和成分,包括它们产生和释放的细胞因子,肿瘤细胞与TME之间的持续相互作用在肿瘤的发生、进展、转移和对治疗的反应中起着决定性的作用。肿瘤微环境是由肿瘤细胞、基质细胞、细胞外基质及可溶性因子构成的复杂生态系统,其稳态失衡是EMT启动的核心诱因[11],理解二者的相互作用,是解析二甲双胍作用机制的前提。

2.1. 基质细胞对EMT的驱动作用

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)是TME中最丰富的间质细胞,它们不是单一的群体,而是具有多种亚型(如炎症性CAF、肌成纤维细胞性CAF等),功能各异。CAFs通过分泌TGF-β、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)等细胞因子激活EMT通路[12]。当TGF-β配体与细胞膜表面的II型及I型受体结合后,会激活受体胞内区的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶结构域,随后,下游的胞质信号蛋白Smad2和Smad3被特异性磷酸化,磷酸化的Smad2/3与Smad4形成异源三聚体复合物,并易位至细胞核内,在核内,该复合物作为转录调控因子,直接或间接地启动EMT核心转录因子(如SNAIL、SLUG、TWIST等)的表达,这些转录因子进而特异性结合到E-钙粘蛋白基因的启动子区域,抑制其转录,最终导致细胞粘附功能丧失,驱动EMT进程[13]。与此同时,在TME中,CAFs分泌的多种基质金属蛋白酶(如MMP-2、MMP-9)通过降解胶原、纤连蛋白等细胞外基质成分,不仅为癌细胞的迁移开辟了物理路径,更关键的是能切割并释放锚定于ECM中的潜伏生长因子,例如EGF,这些被释放的生长因子随后激活其位于上皮细胞膜上的受体,通过MAPK/PI3K等下游信号通路,与TGF-β信号协同作用,正反馈式地进一步增强EMT进程[14]

2.2. 白细胞介素家族EMT的调控

白细胞介素是一种由多种细胞产生和分泌的细胞因子或信号蛋白,它们主要的功能是作为“信使”在细胞间传递信息,从而调节免疫细胞的活化、增殖、分化、趋化和功能,是免疫系统精确调控、协调作战的关键。有研究表明,在胃癌中[15],IL-6与受体结合激活JAK/STAT3信号通路后,STAT3二聚体进入细胞核,作为转录因子直接上调SNAIL、TWIST等的表达。在卵巢癌中[16],IL-8通过与细胞膜上的特异性G蛋白偶联受体CXCR1或CXCR2结合,激活下游Wnt/β-catenin通路,这一活化过程使得糖原合成酶激酶-3β (GSK-3β)失活,GSK-3β的失活导致β-catenin免受磷酸化降解,从而在胞质中稳定积累并易位入核,在细胞核内,β-catenin作为转录共激活因子,与TCF/LEF家族转录因子结合,进而启动一系列与EMT、细胞增殖相关的靶基因表达。IL-10作为一种强效的抗炎和免疫抑制分子,主要通过“重编程”肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞(尤其是巨噬细胞),使其分泌一系列其他因子,从而间接激活癌细胞的EMT程序。IL-10通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路促进TAM的募集和M2极化,极化的M2型TAMs又可分泌TGF-β激活Smad通路启动EMT核心转录因子[17]。综上所述,IL-6、IL-8及IL-10通过激活JAK/STAT、Wnt/β-catenin、TGF-β/Smad等关键信号通路,在肿瘤微环境中构成一个复杂的调控网络,协同驱动上皮–间质转化程序。这些因子作为连接慢性炎症与肿瘤恶性演进的核心桥梁,其作用机制为我们深入理解肿瘤的侵袭与转移提供了重要理论基础。

3. 二甲双胍对肿瘤微环境核心成分的调控作用

二甲双胍不仅通过直接抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,还通过“重塑”肿瘤微环境间接抑制EMT进程。特别地,二甲双胍通过多靶点、多维度的作用,显著改变肿瘤微环境中基质细胞之间的相互作用,并进一步调节免疫微环境的酸性状态。这些改变为癌细胞的侵袭性转化提供了新的抑制靶点。

3.1. 基质细胞间相互作用的调控

在TME中,CAFs、TAMs以及其他免疫细胞通过复杂的细胞因子和代谢物信号网络相互作用,共同促进或抑制EMT过程[18] [19]。而二甲双胍在这方面的作用尤为突出,研究表明,二甲双胍可以通过抑制CAFs的活化,减少其分泌的促肿瘤因子(如TGF-β、IL-6),从而减少对EMT的支持[20] [21]。同时,二甲双胍通过激活AMPK通路,减少乳酸等代谢产物的分泌,这不仅改变了TME的代谢状态,还通过改变免疫微环境的酸性条件,抑制了EMT过程[22] [23]

3.2. 代谢改变与免疫微环境的酸性状态

代谢改变,尤其是乳酸分泌减少,在二甲双胍治疗下显著影响TME中的酸性环境。乳酸是肿瘤细胞通过糖酵解途径产生的主要代谢产物,它在TME中积累,导致局部酸性环境的形成,这种酸性环境进一步促进了CAFs、TAMs等基质细胞的活化,并通过细胞因子的分泌加剧了EMT的进程[24]-[26]。二甲双胍通过抑制糖酵解,减少乳酸的产生,从而改变了TME的代谢状态,降低了免疫微环境的酸性,间接抑制了EMT的发生。具体而言,二甲双胍通过AMPK/mTOR通路的调节,减轻了乳酸在肿瘤微环境中的积累,这一过程抑制了TAMs的M2型极化,进而减少了其分泌的TGF-β等促EMT因子,进一步减缓了EMT的进程[27]-[30]

3.3. CAFs和免疫细胞的互作

在二甲双胍的作用下,CAFs与免疫细胞之间的互作也发生了显著变化。二甲双胍不仅抑制了CAFs的激活和其分泌的免疫抑制因子(如TGF-β),同时也通过调节乳酸水平,影响免疫细胞(如TAMs和Tregs)的功能[31]-[34]。例如,减少乳酸积累能够提高免疫细胞对肿瘤细胞的识别能力,并减少免疫细胞的抑制作用。这种代谢与免疫细胞功能的相互影响,进一步减少了TME中的EMT促进信号[35] [36]

4. 二甲双胍调控肿瘤微环境抑制EMT的分子机制:核心通路关联

二甲双胍通过调控TME抑制EMT,并非单一通路作用,而是通过多通路协同,将TME的“促EMT信号”转化为“抑EMT信号”,以下总结其核心分子机制关联。

4.1. 调节AMPK信号

AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是一种异源三聚体丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,由催化α亚基与两个调节亚基βγ复合物组成,作为重要的能量传感器和调节剂,AMPK的激活通过磷酸化下游底物在各种细胞过程中发挥多种作用,包括代谢、自噬、衰老、细胞运动和细胞抗应激性[37]。据报道[38],AMPK可以磷酸化EZH2 (一种H3K27me3甲基转移酶)以抑制肿瘤发生,丙酮酸脱氢酶的亚基PDHA也被发现是AMPK的直接底物,用于调节乳腺癌转移。在一项结直肠癌异种移植小鼠的实验中发现[39],二甲双胍可通过激活AMPK抑制mTOR通路,进而使得小鼠的肝转移率和肝转移结节数量显著降低,肿瘤增殖和EMT减少。另外一项关于胰腺导管腺癌的研究中发现[9],二甲双胍通过减少包括IL-1β在内的炎症细胞因子的表达以及TAM在体外和体内的浸润和M2极化来缓解肿瘤炎症,进而减轻结缔组织增生与ECM重塑、EMT和最终全身转移,这些对体外巨噬细胞的影响与二甲双胍对AMPK/STAT3通路的调节有关。而在子宫内膜腺癌细胞中[40],二甲双胍可通过子宫内膜腺癌细胞中AMPK信号传导抑制17β-雌二醇诱导的上皮间质转化。

4.2. 抑制TGF-β/Smad通路:切断核心促EMT信号

TGF-β/Smad信号通路,是细胞中一条高度保守的信号转导途径,它广泛参与调控细胞的增殖、分化、迁移、凋亡以及细胞外基质的生成,该通路在胚胎发育、组织修复、免疫调节和维持成体组织稳态中发挥着至关重要的作用。在癌症中,TGF-β扮演着双重角色,在早期作为肿瘤抑制因子,在晚期则转变为促进肿瘤侵袭和转移的因子,随着肿瘤进展,细胞可能对TGF-β的生长抑制效应产生抵抗,此时,癌细胞会利用TGF-β信号来促进上皮–间质转化、增强侵袭能力、诱导血管生成和抑制免疫应答,从而促进肿瘤的转移和免疫逃逸[41]。已知TGF-β信号传导可刺激转录因子的表达,包括SNAIL、TWIST和ZEB,而这些转录因子是EMT过程的关键调节因子[42]。研究表明,在胰腺癌中,二甲双胍通过下调PANC-1细胞中的Smad通路和下调BxPC-3细胞中Akt/mTOR通路来抑制TGF-β1诱导的EMT [2]。TGF-β1信号传导的改变和STAT3的异常激活与各类肿瘤的进展密切相关,活跃的STAT3可信号作为调节转录因子,通过直接与SNAIL的启动子区域结合,STAT3的表达和随后诱导EMT [43]-[45]。在前列腺癌研究中发现单独使用恩杂鲁胺治疗可上调间充质生物标志物(N-钙粘蛋白、波形蛋白)的水平,并下调上皮标志物(E-钙粘蛋白),而二甲双胍可以减弱这种诱导作用,这一发现与作者先前研究的体外前列腺癌细胞模型和体内CWR22Rv1异种移植小鼠模型高度一致,这一作用机制通过抑制TGF-β1表达和STAT3激活来实现的[46]。通过另有研究表明,在直肠癌中,二甲双胍可抑制直肠癌细胞中TGF-β2介导的SNAIL和TWIST表达来抑制细胞迁移和侵袭[47]

4.3. 调控非编码RNA:表观遗传层面的EMT抑制

miRNA是一类非编码RNA (Non-Coding RNA, ncRNA)分子[48],含有18~23个氨基酸,通过与靶信使RNA (mRNA)结合,促使靶mRNA降解或抑制其向蛋白质的翻译,从而发挥其在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、代谢以及机体发育和疾病发生等的作用[49]。越来越多的研究揭示了miRNA在癌症转移中的关键调控作用[50],转录因子与miRNA组成的嵌合体——[SNAIL/miR-34]:[ZEB/miR-200]是EMT过程的核心调控系统[51] [52],在用TGF-β诱导的人结直肠癌细胞系SW480和HCT116EMT模型中发现[53],对于[SNAIL/miR-34]:[ZEB/miR-200]系统,在TGF-β诱导的EMT模型中,二甲双胍增加miR200a、miR-200c和miR-429的水平,降低miR-34a、SNAIL-1和ZEB1的水平,表明二甲双胍可以在结直肠癌的EMT过程中执行[SNAIL/miR-34]:[ZEB/miR-200]系统的双向调节,这种调节总体上反映了EMT抑制效应,在细胞群体水平上,这种抑制表现为EMT过程中E/M杂交细胞亚群的增加。在黑色素瘤中[54],miR-5100靶向SPINK5激活STAT3磷酸化促进EMT增强瘤细胞转移,而二甲双胍可显着抑制miR-5100/SPINK5/STAT3通路,并减少了C57小鼠模块中B16-F10细胞向肺的转移。另有研究证明二甲双胍通过调节miR-663的DNA甲基化逆转EMT,增加了胰腺癌细胞对吉西他滨的化学敏感性[55]

5. 研究现状与争议

5.1. 二甲双胍浓度问题:体外实验vs生理相关浓度

大量体外研究为了探讨二甲双胍的抗肿瘤机制,使用的药物浓度通常处于mM级别(如2~50 mM),远高于临床常规给药后体内可达到的血药浓度;而常规口服剂量(2500 mg/天)在肝脏内的浓度约为50~100 μmol/L,在外周血中则更低(约10~40 μmol/L) [23] [56] [57]。这一浓度差异表明:许多体外实验的抗肿瘤效应可能只在非生理相关条件下出现,从而可能高估了二甲双胍的临床价值。相比之下,一些研究开始采用更接近“生理相关浓度”的实验设计。例如某些低剂量二甲双胍(≈250 mg/日)在食管鳞癌临床II期试验中观察到了对肿瘤免疫微环境的重编程作用(如影响B细胞、T细胞、巨噬细胞浸润) [58] [59]。这类研究更接近临床使用情境,为后续转化研究提供了更可靠的依据。因此,未来体外实验设计和机制研究推荐更多使用逼近临床血药浓度范围的条件,以减少体内/体外差异对机制解释和效果判断的干扰。

5.2. TME成分调控的优先级

TME成分复杂,二甲双胍对CAFs、TAMs、细胞因子的调控并非同步,其作用优先级尚不明确。例如,在肺癌模型中,二甲双胍对TAMs的调控作用更显著,而在乳腺癌中对CAFs的调控更关键[60] [61],这种差异是否与癌种特性相关,仍需深入研究。

5.3. 个体差异与联合用药

糖尿病患者与非糖尿病患者的TME结构存在差异,二甲双胍的作用是否受血糖水平影响?此外,二甲双胍与化疗、免疫治疗的联合应用,是否会增强其调控TME抑制EMT的效应?目前相关研究较少,需进一步探索。

6. 结论与展望

综上所述,二甲双胍调控肿瘤微环境以抑制上皮–间质转化的机制,已成为其抗肿瘤效应的重要一环。该药物能够直接抑制癌相关成纤维细胞的活化、重塑免疫微环境——包括阻碍M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的极化、减少调节性T细胞的浸润,同时纠正促肿瘤的细胞因子失衡,从而多维度切断肿瘤微环境中驱动EMT的关键信号网络,这一系统性作用机制不仅深化了对二甲双胍抗癌潜力的理解,也为基于肿瘤微环境调控的联合治疗策略提供了新的理论依据与干预思路。在未来可构建更贴近临床的模型如采用人源化小鼠模型(如PBMC人源化、PDX模型),验证二甲双胍在“人类TME”中的作用,为机制研究提供更精准的方向。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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