深度伪造的技术逻辑、风险类型化与规制进路

Technical Logic, Risk Typology, and Paths to Regulation of Deepfakes

摘要: 从生成式对抗网络(GANs)到最新的扩散模型，深度伪造(Deepfakes)技术推动了视听资料从传统的“机械记录”向“智能生成”范式的根本性跃迁。这种技术红利在重塑数字内容生产方式的同时，也对既有的法律规制体系形成了一定冲击。它呈现出显著的自动化与低门槛特征，致使传统法律在认定侵权主体与归责原则时陷入两难。其风险不仅体现为对个人信息权益、知识产权等合法权益的侵蚀，更在宏观层面引发了公共信任危机，甚至影响了司法证据的真实性。鉴于此，单一的法律规制已显乏力，亟需构建一套整合技术防御、法律规范与社会协同的全链路治理框架，以期在释放技术潜能与维护法律价值之间寻求动态平衡。

Abstract: Propelled by the evolution from Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to the latest diffusion models, Deepfake technology has catalyzed a fundamental paradigm shift in audiovisual materials, moving from traditional “mechanical recording” to “intelligent generation”. While this technological dividend reshapes the modes of digital content production, it also poses a structural challenge to existing legal regulatory frameworks. Characterized by high automation and low barriers to entry, it creates a dilemma for traditional legal mechanisms regarding the identification of infringing parties and the attribution of liability. The associated risks extend beyond the erosion of legitimate rights—such as personal information interests and intellectual property—to trigger a crisis of public trust at the macro level, even compromising the authenticity of judicial evidence. In light of this, reliance solely on legal regulation has proven insufficient. There is an urgent need to construct a “full-chain” governance framework that integrates technical defense, legal norms, and social coordination, aiming to seek a dynamic balance between unleashing technological potential and upholding legal values.