未成年人保护视域下家庭暴力的危害与防治

The Harm and Prevention of Domestic Violence from the Perspective of Minor Protection

摘要: 家庭暴力所造成的伤害源于本应提供庇护的家庭内部，施暴者往往是至亲之人。与一般暴力相比，这种来自家庭环境的侵害会对未成年人身心发展造成难以逆转的负面影响。本文基于未成年人保护视角，系统剖析家庭暴力对未成年人造成的双重侵害及其防治路径。家庭暴力对未成年的危害主要体现在两方面：其一，未成年人作为直接暴力受害者，其身体权、健康权乃至生命权等基本权利受到侵害；其二，未成年人作为暴露于家庭暴力的间接受害人，长期处于恐惧与冲突环境中，极易患上焦虑、抑郁、创伤后应激障碍等心理问题，并可能引发攻击性行为。更为严峻的是，这种心理创伤往往具有代际传递的风险——若得不到及时干预，今日的受害者，可能成为明日的施暴者。有效防治家庭暴力需构建观念与制度并重的体系。首先，观念层面，必须摒弃“棍棒教育”不良教育理念，打破将家庭教育视为不容外人干预的“家事”之传统藩篱，转而确立以儿童权益为核心、将儿童视为独立权利主体的现代家庭观。其次，制度层面，应在法律框架内探索实质性约束机制，如建立涉家暴人员特定行业(如教育、公共服务)就业限制，并将其行为纳入社会信用体系，提高施暴成本，形成有效威慑。最后，有必要着力构建社区、医疗卫生等多部门联动的长效预防与干预机制，持续提升公众对家庭暴力的预防意识与应对能力，共同营造支持性社会氛围，以促进《反家庭暴力法》的全面贯彻与落实。

Abstract: The harm caused by domestic violence originates within the family, which ought to be a place of refuge, and the perpetrators are often those closest to the victim. Compared to general violence, this form of abuse stemming from the family environment can inflict irreversible negative impacts on the physical and psychological development of minors. From the perspective of minor protection, this paper systematically analyzes the dual harms inflicted by domestic violence on minors and explores pathways for preventing it and intervening. The harm of domestic violence to minors is primarily manifested in two aspects. First, as direct victims of violence, minors suffer violations of their fundamental rights, including the rights to physical integrity, health, and even life. Second, as indirect victims exposed to domestic violence, those who grow up in an atmosphere of fear and conflict are highly susceptible to psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, which may also trigger aggressive behavior. More critically, such psychological trauma often carries the risk of intergenerational transmission; without timely intervention, today’s victims may become tomorrow’s perpetrators. Effective prevention and intervention against domestic violence requires establishing a system that emphasizes both conceptual shifts and institutional measures. First, at the conceptual level, it is essential to abandon the harmful educational philosophy of “discipline through corporal punishment”, break away from the traditional barrier that views child-rearing as a purely internal “family affair” not subject to external intervention, and instead establish a modern family ethos centered on minors’ rights—one that recognizes minors as independent rights-holders. Second, at the institutional level, substantive restraint mechanisms should be explored within the legal framework. This may include imposing employment restrictions in specific industries (e.g., education, public services) for individuals involved in domestic violence and incorporating related conduct into the social credit system, thereby raising the cost of committing violence and creating an effective deterrent. Finally, it is necessary to proactively build a long-term prevention and intervention mechanism involving multi-sector collaboration, such as community and healthcare institutions, continuously enhance public awareness and capacity to prevent and respond to domestic violence, and collectively foster a supportive social atmosphere, so as to advance the comprehensive implementation and enforcement of the Anti-Domestic Violence Law.