从直观到生成：论历史唯物主义的存在论境域及其对费尔巴哈的超越

From Intuition to Generation: On the Ontological Domain of Historical Materialism and Its Transcendence of Feuerbach

摘要: 马克思所实现的哲学变革，其根本性质在于存在论层面的深刻革新，这一革新的核心内容是在本体论领域内得以启动并逐步深化的。该变革的理论轨迹最早显露于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》这一早期文本的论述之中；其后，在马克思于1845年春季完成的《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》内，这一变革思想得到了高度凝练的概括性表达。值得强调的是，这份包含十一条论纲的文献，进一步构成了马克思与恩格斯在1845年至1846年间合作撰写的《德意志意识形态》所依赖的基础性理论纲领。在这段为期近三年的思想发展与演变过程中，马克思最终实现了人类思想史上一次具有深远意义的理论革命，而此次革命所取得的重要理论成果，便是历史唯物主义这一科学的历史观念体系。有必要指出，唯有当研究者深入把握历史唯物主义内部所蕴含的存在论视野，这一理论本身所具有的真正意涵才能够得以充分彰显，同时，马克思所发动的这场哲学革命的完整意义也才能获得恰当而准确的理解。本文将以“感性活动”“现实的个人”以及“生产与交往形式”等若干关键范畴作为主要立足点，尝试对历史唯物主义得以展开的存在论境域进行系统的分析与理论阐释。

Abstract: The fundamental nature of the philosophical transformation achieved by Marx lies in a profound innovation at the ontological level, which was initiated and gradually deepened within the realm of ontology. The theoretical trajectory of this transformation was first revealed in the early text “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844”; subsequently, in the “Theses on Feuerbach” completed by Marx in the spring of 1845, this transformative thought was concisely and comprehensively expressed. It is worth emphasizing that this document, consisting of eleven theses, further served as the foundational theoretical program for the “German Ideology” co-authored by Marx and Engels between 1845 and 1846. During this nearly three-year period of intellectual development and evolution, Marx ultimately achieved a theoretical revolution of profound significance in the history of human thought, and the significant theoretical outcome of this revolution was the scientific historical concept system of historical materialism. It is necessary to point out that only when researchers deeply grasp the ontological perspective inherent within historical materialism can the true meaning of this theory be fully revealed, and the complete significance of the philosophical revolution initiated by Marx be appropriately and accurately understood. This article will take several key categories such as “sensuous activity”, “real individuals”, and “forms of production and interaction” as the main points of departure, and attempt to conduct a systematic analysis and theoretical interpretation of the ontological domain within which historical materialism unfolds.