Mo的原位合金化实现LPBF奥氏体钢向双相钢的转变
In-Situ Alloying of Mo Enables the Transformation of LPBF Austenitic Steel into Duplex Steel
DOI: 10.12677/ms.2026.163053, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 苗蕴卿, 潘妍燕:沈阳工业大学理学院,辽宁 沈阳;李志杰*:沈阳工业大学理学院,辽宁 沈阳;辽宁省复合金属纳米材料与磁性技术重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳;冯 泉:辽宁省复合金属纳米材料与磁性技术重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳;沈阳盛世五寰科技有限公司,辽宁 沈阳;庄博文:沈阳盛世五寰科技有限公司,辽宁 沈阳
关键词: LPBF321不锈钢原位合金化双相钢强塑协同LPBF 321 Stainless Steel In-Situ Alloying Dual-Phase Steel Synergistic Development of Strength and Plasticity
摘要: 为了解决321奥氏体不锈钢低强度和添加多数陶瓷相难以控制奥氏体–铁素体双向平衡导致延展性急剧下降的问题,采用行星式球磨方法将Mo和321粉末混合并通过激光粉末床熔化技术(LPBF)使混合粉末原位合金化。并通过显微结构表征与力学性能测试对制备的321-Mo复合材料进行分析。研究发现:添加3wt% Mo能达到奥氏体–铁素体双相平衡,显著提升材料强度和硬度。抗拉强度由675 MPa提高到1237 MPa,屈服强度由479 MPa提高到781 MPa,硬度由289.6 HV提高到377.4 HV,并保持良好延展性,延展性为42.2%。该研究成果为开发具有独特微观结构和卓越性能的不锈钢材料提供了新思路。
Abstract: To address the low strength of 321 austenitic stainless steel and the sharp reduction in ductility caused by the difficulty in controlling the austenite-ferrite two-phase equilibrium when adding multiple ceramic phases, the planetary ball milling method was employed to mix molybdenum (Mo) and 321 powder, followed by in-situ alloying through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology. The prepared 321-Mo composite material was analyzed via microstructural characterization and mechanical property testing. The study revealed that adding 3wt% Mo achieves austenite-ferrite two-phase equilibrium, significantly enhancing material strength and hardness. Tensile strength increased from 675 MPa to 1237 MPa, yield strength rose from 479 MPa to 781 MPa, and hardness improved from 289.6 HV to 377.4 HV while maintaining excellent ductility. These findings provide new insights for developing stainless steel materials with unique microstructures and superior performance.
文章引用:苗蕴卿, 李志杰, 冯泉, 庄博文, 潘妍燕. Mo的原位合金化实现LPBF奥氏体钢向双相钢的转变[J]. 材料科学, 2026, 16(3): 71-84. https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.163053

1. 引言

增材制造(AM)工艺主要包括激光粉末床熔化(LPBF)、电子束熔化(EBM)和定向能量沉积(DED)等[1]-[3]。其中,激光粉末床熔化(LPBF)是一种利用高功率密度激光熔化金属粉末的3D打印技术,通过扫描激光束作用下形成的熔池逐层融合,可直接制造出接近全密度的终端金属构件[4]-[8]。LPBF工艺具有极高的冷却速率(105~107 K/s)和复杂的热梯度[8],通常形成以超细胞状亚结构的粗大柱状晶组织为主导的各向异性微观结构[9]-[11],这导致了微观结构的不均匀性。此外,熔池中的高温梯度和复杂的热循环使材料容易产生气孔等内部缺陷[12]。通过调整激光功率、扫描速度、层厚、扫描间距等工艺参数,确保粉末充分熔融,从而实现全致密零件制造[13]。所以,激光粉末床熔化(LPBF)技术制备不锈钢已得到广泛研究。

奥氏体不锈钢因其卓越的耐腐蚀性、良好成型性、优异的延展性,在结构件和工业应用领域展现出巨大潜力[14]-[17]。现已广泛应用于航空航天和生物医学领域[18]。321不锈钢就是一种常见的奥氏体不锈钢,含有较高比例的铬(Cr)和镍(Ni),并添加了钛(Ti)元素。添加钛元素可以激活非均匀相成核并原位形成氧化钛颗粒[19],这些颗粒能阻碍含钢晶粒的外延生长以及增材制造中常见的严重织构化现象[20]。此外,当钛含量较低时,铁与钛之间会发生共晶反应。采用低钛溶质添加以实现晶粒细化,避免形成Laves相[21] [22]。321的主要特点是优异的耐高温性能和抗氧化能力、良好的延展性和较低的成本。基于这些优势,321不锈钢有希望在未来取代316 L不锈钢,从而降低生产成本。然而,321不锈钢硬度低、强度不足和耐磨性差等缺点限制了其更广泛的工业应用[23]-[26]。作为一种低碳含量的奥氏体不锈钢,321不锈钢无法通过热处理来提高其力学性能[27]。为了达到提高321不锈钢强度与硬度并保持良好延展性的目的,最有效的办法是通过添加并调控增强相的含量使其与基体原位合金化,从而达到奥氏体–铁素体双相平衡。

与传统铸锻321不锈钢相比,LPBF成形的321在保持良好延展性的同时,其强度也远高于铸锻321 [28] [29]。Wang等[30]通过Ti和Nb的原位合金化使复合材料抗拉强度(UTS)从629 MPa提高到1111 MPa。Zhai等[1]通过添加Ti使复合材料抗拉强度(UTS)从704 MPa提高到1069 MPa,屈服强度从581 MPa提高到817 MPa。本文通过添加Mo使复合材料抗拉强度从675 MPa到1237 MPa,屈服强度从479 MPa提高到781 MPa。Mo作为铁素体相的形成元素,通过调节其含量可以使321不锈钢达到奥氏体–铁素体双相平衡,构建双相组织[31]-[33],进而达到强塑协同,提高力学性能。

2. 材料与方法

2.1. 粉末制备

321粉末(辽宁冠达新材料科技有限公司)材料化学成分如表1所示。该粉末具有接近球形的颗粒,粒径分布为5~20 μm,如图1(a)所示。研究使用的原材料是类球形钼粉颗粒(嘉迈新材料有限公司),其等效球形尺寸分布为1~5 μm,如图1(b)所示。

Figure 1. Morphology of composite powders: (a) 321, (b) Mo, (c) 321 composites

1. 复合粉末的形貌:(a) 321,(b) Mo粉,(c) 321复合材料

Table 1. Chemical composition of 321 powder (wt%)

1. 321粉末化学成分表(wt%)

元素

Cr

Ni

Mn

Ti

标准值

17.0~19.0

9.0~12.0

<2.0

≥0.07

实测值

17.85

10.55

0.45

0.2

元素

C

S

Si

Fe

标准值

≤0.08

≤0.03

<1.0

Bal

实测值

0.035

0.0048

0.46

Bal

通过高能行星球磨机(YXQM-4L, MITR)以球与粉的重量比2:1、盘转速200 rpm和研磨时间2 h的方法,制备了三种不同含2wt%、3wt%、4wt% Mo颗粒的复合材料。球磨后,混合粉末保持球形Mo颗粒镶嵌在321粉末上,如图1(c)所示。钼含量分别为0、2、3和4wt%的复合粉末用于LPBF制备,制备的样品分别定义为321、321-2、321-3和321-4。

2.2. LPBF处理

321样品通过HANS M260 LPBF系统制备,该系统配备了一台最大功率为400 W的IPG光纤激光器,激光光斑尺寸小于100 μm。加工参数包括激光功率(P)、扫描速度(v)、扫描间距(d)和层厚(e)。LPBF过程中激光体能量密度E (J/mm3)可使用以下公式计算:

E= P vde (1)

当激光能量密度过低时,粉末无法充分熔化,反而会以粉末形态残留在成品中,导致孔隙形成[34]。相反,过高的激光能量密度会使熔池产生湍流,伴随快速熔化和凝固过程,从而在最终产品中形成气孔[35],如图2所示。此外,过高的激光能量密度还会引起熔化金属飞溅到未熔化的金属粉末上,进而产生球化现象[36] [37]。孔隙和球化问题会增大应力集中、降低样品表面质量,导致样品的力学性能下降[38]。因此,选取工艺参数对于减少微观缺陷和提升表面质量至关重要。此外,样品采用蜿蜒扫描方式制备,每层打印完成后扫描方向旋转67˚。

在设计工艺实验时,先设计实验,对激光功率、扫描速度进行梯度设置,以获得大致合适的能量密度区间,如表2所示。其中激光功率240~300 W,扫描速度780~900 mm/s,扫描间距和单层厚度固定不变为0.1 mm和0.05 mm,成形10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm试样块。

成形后,以试样块的致密度作为评价指标,致密度越接近100%,代表着粉末熔融效果越好,工艺参数越合适。通过阿基米德排水法进行致密度检测,得到的结果如表3所示。通过表3得知最佳工艺参数:激光功率为280 W,扫描速度为820 mm/s,扫描线间距为0.1 mm,层厚为0.08 mm,体能量密度E = 42.67 J/mm3

Figure 2. Hole defects in printing process

2. 打印过程中的孔洞缺陷

Table 2. Table of orthogonal experiment of 321

2. 321实验设计表

激光功率/W

扫描速度/mm∙s1

扫描线间距/mm

层厚/mm

水平1

240

780

0.1

0.08

水平2

260

820

0.1

0.08

水平3

280

860

0.1

0.08

水平4

300

900

0.1

0.08

Table 3. Orthogonal experiment results of 321

3. 321实验设计结果

序号

激光功率/W

扫描速度/mm∙s1

扫描线间距/mm

层厚/mm

致密度

1

240

780

97.88

2

260

820

98.26

3

280

860

98.59

4

300

900

98.94

5

260

780

99.26

6

280

820

99.64

7

300

860

99.02

8

240

900

0.1

0.08

99.15

9

280

780

98.78

10

300

820

98.83

11

240

860

98.46

12

260

900

98.50

13

300

780

98.13

14

240

820

97.91

15

260

860

97.68

16

280

900

97.87

2.3. 测试与表征

对于拉伸试验,采用电火花加工方法从制造部件上沿垂直和水平方向加工出规格尺寸为40 mm (长) × 10 mm (宽) × 1.3 mm (厚)的狗骨形拉伸试样,如图3所示。样品经过自动抛光机、SiC砂纸和80 nm金刚石抛光液的研磨和抛光处理,表面质量通过光学显微镜(OM, WY-3230)表征,之后通过阿基米德排水法计算其相对密度。

Figure 3. Geometry and photograph of LPBF-fabricated 321 and its composites

3. LPBF制造的321及321-Mo复合材料的几何形状

显微组织结构和断口形貌通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM,蔡司Gemini-300)进行分析。在显微结构观察前,样品用金属组织蚀刻液(10 g FeCl3,30 ml HCl和120 ml H2O)蚀刻15 s。最后,物相组成和晶体取向由X射线衍射仪(XRD, XRD-7000)和电子背散射衍射检测器(EBSD)研究。在进行EBSD检测前应对样品进行电解抛光,电解抛光液组成为20 ml HClO4和80 ml乙醇,电解电压为12 V,电流为0.4 A,电解时长为30 s。EBSD使用的步长、加速电压和电流分别为0.75 μm、20 kV和10 nA,数据通过AZtecCrystal进行分析。

3. 结果与讨论

3.1. 微观表征

3.1.1. SEM微观结构分析

图4为321及其复合材料的SEM图,分别展示了通过LPBF制备的321和321-Mo复合材料的金相组织。如图4所示可知,321样品呈现单一的γ-Fe相,因为LPBF快速冷却使熔池产生极大的过冷度,此时奥氏体的自由能远低于平衡状态下的铁素体自由能,使得奥氏体成为室温下的稳定相。此外,321不锈钢的加入Ti作为碳稳定化元素,LPBF工艺虽快速冷却,但熔池仍存在轻微的微区偏析,而Ti的原子活性远高于Cr,会在熔凝过程中优先与钢中的C结合形成细小的TiC颗粒,而非让C与Cr结合形成Cr23C6。这一过程消除了C作为间隙原子对奥氏体晶格的畸变作用,让奥氏体的晶格结构更稳定,不会因C的偏析而诱发铁素体析出。

随着Mo元素的添加,金相组织由单一γ-Fe转变为γ-Fe与α-Fe双相组织。这是因为Mo会在奥氏体晶界、晶内缺陷处产生微区成分偏析,这些偏析区的Creq (Cr当量)更高,成为铁素体的择优形核点,大幅降低铁素体的形核能垒;此外,Mo会抑制奥氏体晶粒的长大,使奥氏体晶界数量大幅增加,而晶界是原子扩散快、缺陷多的区域,既为铁素体提供更多形核点,也加快了铁素体晶核的长大速度。在Mo的含量达到4wt%时,部分α-Fe转化成片状魏氏组织。这是由于Mo的强铁素体形成特性打破了钢的奥氏体–铁素体平衡,使凝固及冷却过程中铁素体相变模式偏离正常析出,转而以片状魏氏组织沿奥氏体晶界及晶内特定晶面<111>长大。

Figure 4. SEM images of LPBF fabricated 321 and its composites: (a) 321, (b) 321-2, (c) 321-3, (d) 321-4

4. LPBF制造的321及其复合材料的SEM图:(a) 321,(b) 321-2,(c) 321-3,(d) 321-4

Figure 5. EDS mapping of LPBF fabricated 321 and its composites: (a) 321, (b) 321-Mo, (c)-(i) EDS mapping

5. LPBF制造的321及其复合材料的EDS图:(a) 321,(b) 321-Mo,(c)-(i) EDS图

图5为321及其复合材料的EDS能谱图。如图5所示,Mo的加入可显著改变第二相粒子的尺寸与分布特征。Mo能够降低 Ti、C、N原子在奥氏体基体中的扩散速率,并在Ti (C, N)相界面处发生偏聚形成扩散阻挡层,从而提高第二相形核率、抑制粒子长大,使析出相尺寸明显细化。同时,如(图5(a)(b))所示,Mo可减轻成分偏析,改善 C、N、Ti的均匀性,减少第二相局部聚集与条带状分布,使组织更加均匀。此外,如(图5(c)-(i))所示,Mo可固溶进入Ti (C, N)晶格,形成界面能更低、热力学更稳定的(Ti, Mo) (C, N)复合相,从而促进Ti化物在晶界缺陷位置的形核,最终使Ti化物优先并大量在晶界处析出。纳米级Ti化物在奥氏体基体中均匀弥散分布,可作为高强度的第二相粒子,有效阻碍位错的滑移,从而显著提高材料的强度。此外,Ti化物在晶界处析出可有效钉扎晶界,提升晶界强度与热稳定性,抑制晶界滑移与迁移,提高材料的塑性。

3.1.2. XRD分析

图6展示了321及其复合材料的XRD结果。如图6所示,纯321样品仅出现奥氏体γ-Fe衍射峰。当Mo添加量为2wt%时,在约44.32˚检测到了铁素体的主峰。此外,在64.47˚、74.89˚和98.06˚处也检测到铁素体峰。随着Mo元素含量的增加,由于Mo是促进铁素体相形成的元素,所以铁素体α-Fe衍射峰强度随之增强且铁素体相的峰比奥氏体相的峰更为显著。在添加3wt% Mo时,α-Fe与γ-Fe衍射峰强度更为接近,即结晶度相近,从而更接近双相组织。

由于Mo的原子半径远大于Fe原子,当Mo溶入奥氏体的FCC晶格时,会产生强烈的晶格畸变,大幅提高FCC晶格的内应力,让奥氏体的结构稳定性下降;铁素体的BCC晶格间隙更大,能更好地容纳Mo原子,Mo溶入后产生的晶格畸变更小,这是因为BCC晶格的结构稳定性远高于FCC晶格。

Figure 6. The XRD pattern of 321 and its composites

6. 321及其复合材料的XRD图

3.1.3. EBSD分析

图7图8分别展示了321及其复合材料的反极图(IPF)和相分布图。如图7所示,随着Mo的添加,大多数柱状晶体转变为胞状晶体,晶粒尺寸减小。未添加Mo时,321的晶粒尺寸为24.45 μm。加入2wt%、3wt%的Mo后,晶粒细化至3.43 μm和3.41 μm。这是因为在LPBF过程中,较小的液态熔池导致冷却速率加快,快速熔化和凝固会导致晶胞内几乎没有膨胀[39] [40]。在AM工艺过程中,晶粒结构会受到两个关键因素的影响:温度梯度和凝固速率[41]。所以在熔池凝固过程中,Mo颗粒作为异质成核位点,增加了成核与晶粒数量的比例导致晶粒细化。

321的IPF图显示,晶粒主要沿<101>和<111>方向生长。然而,与321的IPF图(图7(a))相比,321-Mo复合材料样品的IPF图(图7(b)~(d))显示蓝色区域较少,绿色区域较大,这表明与321相比,复合材料中的<101>取向增强,而<111>取向减弱。这是因为Mo的激光吸收率和热导率高于321,因此在马兰戈尼流的作用下,熔池中的Mo移动会改变热流的方向[42]

图8所示,在复合材料相分布中检测到了铁素体相,321、321-2、321-3和321-4中的铁素体相含量分别为0%、5.1%、57.8%和83.1%。这说明Mo作为铁素体相的重要组成元素,其含量变化可以影响奥氏体相与铁素体相的平衡。通常,不锈钢可根据κ = Creq/Nieq的比值分为铁素体或奥氏体类型。其中Creq (Cr当量)和Nieq (Ni当量)的计算方法参考公式(2)和(3)。

Creq=%Cr+1.37%Mo+1.5%Si+2%Nb+3%Ti (2)

Nieq=%Ni+0.31%Mn+14.2%N+22%C+%Cu (3)

通过公式得知:Mo含量增加导致Creq值增加,从而使κ值增加。总体而言,较高的κ值通常伴随着321不锈钢平均粒径的减小。此外,固溶于钢中的微合金元素会阻断所有扩散过程,且这种阻断作用随元素原子尺寸与铁原子尺寸的差异增大而增强。由于Mo原子尺寸与Fe原子存在显著差异,这种溶质原子拖曳效应在成形过程中促进晶粒细化,尤其能有效抑制熔池边界附近热影响区奥氏体晶粒的生长。

图9图10为321、321-2、321-3、321-4用不同偏转角定义的边界(GB)图和核平均位错(KAM)图。如图9所示,随着Mo的添加HAGB的比例有所提高。321、321-2、321-3和321-4的高角度晶界(HAGB)的比例分别为66%、97.7%、98%和97.4%,这表明Mo元素的添加促进了HAGB的形成。由于Mo和321基体在复合合金中的热膨胀系数不同,界面残余应力远高于纯321,这有助于促进HAGB的形成[42]。如图10所示,321样品的平均KAM值高于321-Mo复合材料的KAM值。这是因为Mo原位合金化后形成了较多的HAGB,然而,具有较高HAGB密度的区域往往表现出较低的KAM值。这表明晶界特性会对位错行为和材料性能产生影响。

Figure 7. The IPF images of 321 and its composites

7. 321及其复合材料的IPF图像

Figure 8. Phase diagram of 321 and its composites

8. 321及其复合材料相分布图

Figure 9. The grain boundary distribution images of 321 and its composites

9. 321及其复合材料的晶界分布图

Figure 10. The KAM images of 321 and its composites

10. 321及其复合材料的KAM图

3.2. 力学性能分析

图11为LPBF-321、321-2、321-3和321-4的拉伸曲线。力学性能如表4所示,其中通过锻造获得的321不锈钢设计标准值作为参考列出。从表4可以看出,LPBF-321试样的力学性能显著超过了锻造321的设计标准。如图11表4所示,Mo元素的添加对LPBF制造的Mo-321复合材料的力学性能有显著影响。随着Mo元素质量分数从0增加到4wt%,试样的拉伸强度从675 MPa提高到1237 MPa,屈服强度从479 MPa提高到781 MPa,分别提高了83.3%和61.3%。

Figure 11. Mechanical properties of 321 and its composites

11. 321及其复合材料力学性能曲线

Table 4. Mechanical properties of 321 and its composites

4. 321及其复合材料力学性能表

样品

UTS (MPa)

YS (MPa)

EL (%)

MH (HV)

321

675

479

63.3

289.6

321-2

1141

626

51.8

312.9

321-3

1237

781

42.2

377.4

321-4

1245

925

31.9

386.1

锻造

520

205

40.5

226.5

Figure 12. Fracture surface morphology of 321 and its composites: (a) 321, (b) 321-2, (c) 321-3, (d) 321-4

12. 321及其复合材料断口形貌图:(a) 321,(b) 321-2,(c) 321-3,(d) 321-4

随着Mo元素含量的增加,Mo-321复合材料的硬度也有所提升。321的硬度为289.6 HV,而当Mo元素含量增加至4wt%时,其硬度达到386.1 HV。强度和硬度的提升归因于强化相的生成和晶粒细化,这一点通过EBSD分析可以证实。然而,随着Mo元素含量增加至4wt%,延伸率从63.4%下降到30.9%,这是由于铁素体相的脆性所致。

图12展示了LPBF制备的321和复合材料在拉伸测试后的断裂形态。如图12所示,321的断裂面呈现出典型的韧性断裂,韧窝平均尺寸为2 μm。321-2的断裂面上的韧窝开始变浅,尺寸相较于321样品变小,表明强度开始增强,塑性开始下降。321-3的断裂面上开始出现了脆性断裂带,带宽小于2 μm,但韧窝尺寸不变。而对于321-4,脆性断裂带平均宽度达到8 μm,脆性断裂进一步加剧。综上所述,随着Mo元素含量的增加,Mo-321复合材料的强度得到了提升,但塑性下降。

4. 结论

本研究为提高321不锈钢力学性能和实现奥氏体–铁素体双相平衡提供了新的思路,系统阐述了通过LPBF加工形成的321不锈钢和Mo的复合材料的强化机制以及力学性能提高的程度。具体总结如下:

证明了铁素体形成的组分(钼)是微观结构细化过程的重要因素,其中晶粒尺寸随κ值增加而减小。平均晶粒尺寸从321不锈钢的24.45 μm降至321-3复合材料的3.41 μm。

Mo元素的加入促进了321-Mo复合材料中的高角度晶界(HAGB)生成。321不锈钢和321-Mo复合材料中,HAGB区域对应较低的KAM值。因此,添加Mo元素可实现奥氏体与铁素体双相平衡,添加3wt% Mo可以实现60%铁素体-40%奥氏体最佳平衡状态。

强度和硬度大幅度提高(抗拉强度、屈服强度分别提高至原来的1.8倍、1.6倍,硬度提高至原来的1.3倍),并保持良好的延展性(仍保持在40%以上),实现强塑协同。

综上所述,在321基体中添加适量的Mo可通过细晶强化、固溶强化以及位错强化机制提高321的力学性能。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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