肝硬化再代偿相关研究进展
Research Progress on the Recompensation of Liver Cirrhosis
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631071, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 高 源, 杨 婧*, 陈华琼:昆明医科大学第二附属医院消化内科,云南 昆明
关键词: 肝硬化再代偿病理生理预测因子治疗Liver Cirrhosis Recompensation Pathophysiology Predictive Factors Treatment
摘要: 肝硬化失代偿期是慢性肝病自然史中的一个关键分水岭,标志着疾病由相对稳定阶段进入高风险阶段,患者常出现难治性腹水、食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血、肝性脑病及感染等一系列危及生命的并发症,预后显著恶化。长期以来,临床普遍认为肝硬化一旦由代偿期进展至失代偿期,其病理改变和临床结局难以逆转。然而,近年来随着抗病毒治疗、病因控制及综合管理策略的不断进步,研究发现部分失代偿期肝硬化患者在病因得到有效控制后,可在较长时间内不再发生新的失代偿事件,并伴随肝功能指标和门静脉高压状态的改善。基于这一新的认识,Baveno VII共识正式提出并定义了“肝硬化再代偿”这一概念,并明确了相应的诊断标准。本文在此基础上系统总结了肝硬化再代偿的最新研究进展,重点围绕其早期预测因子、可能的病理生理机制以及现有和潜在的治疗策略进行探讨,旨在为再代偿理念在临床实践中的应用和患者长期管理提供参考依据。
Abstract: Decompensated cirrhosis represents a pivotal milestone in the natural history of chronic liver disease, signifying the transition from a relatively stable compensated stage to a high-risk phase. This stage is commonly characterized by the development of life-threatening complications, including refractory ascites, esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, and bacterial infections, and is associated with a substantially worsened prognosis. For decades, the progression from compensated to decompensated cirrhosis has been widely regarded as an irreversible process, with limited potential for regression in hepatic architecture or clinical outcomes. In recent years, however, advances in antiviral therapies, effective etiological control, and optimized comprehensive management have challenged this traditional paradigm. Emerging evidence indicates that a subset of patients with decompensated cirrhosis, following sustained control or removal of the underlying cause, may remain free from further decompensating events over a prolonged period, accompanied by improvements in liver function and a reduction in portal hypertension. In recognition of this evolving concept, the Baveno VII consensus formally introduced the term “recompensated cirrhosis” and established standardized diagnostic criteria. On this basis, the present review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of recompensated cirrhosis, with particular emphasis on early predictive factors, underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and currently available as well as emerging therapeutic strategies. This overview aims to provide a comprehensive framework to facilitate the integration of the recompensation concept into clinical practice and the long-term management of patients with advanced cirrhosis.
文章引用:高源, 杨婧, 陈华琼. 肝硬化再代偿相关研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 2709-2717. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631071

1. 前言

根据世界卫生组织统计[1],肝硬化已成为全球第十一大死亡原因,对个人健康构成了严重威胁。既往研究认为,肝硬化进展到失代偿期是一个单向且不可逆转的过程。然而,近年来的研究发现通过对肝硬化病因的有效控制,可改善肝硬化的发展进程,甚至实现肝硬化的逆转和再代偿。目前对再代偿的早期预测因子、潜在机制及促进实现再代偿的治疗策略方面的研究较为有限,本文对该领域的最新研究进行了归纳总结,做出了补充说明。

2. 肝硬化再代偿的定义

肝硬化再代偿是指在去除或控制肝硬化病因后,肝脏的结构和功能发生逆转,患者的临床症状得到缓解,并能够维持稳定状态。Baveno VII共识提出了诊断肝硬化再代偿的统一标准[2],主要包括以下几个条件:(1) 去除/抑制/治愈肝硬化的原发病因,如乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B Virus, HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C Virus, HCV)的持续抑制、酒精性肝硬化患者持续戒酒;(2) 停用利尿剂、乳果糖、利福昔明等治疗药物后仍无腹水、肝性脑病,且至少12个月无复发性静脉曲张出血;(3) 肝功能指标——血清白蛋白(albumin, ALB)水平、国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio, INR)和总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBil)稳定改善。我国学者通过大量研究轮论证后,对肝功能稳定改善进行了补充,将终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分 < 10和/或Child-Pugh评分A级(ALB > 35 g/L、INR < 1.50和TBil < 34 umol/L)作为了肝功能改善的定量指标[3]

3. 肝硬化再代偿的早期预测因子及相关机制

肝硬化再代偿不仅意味着并发症的缓解,更是在病因控制后实现肝功能与门静脉压力持续恢复的过程。既往研究已识别出多种早期可量化指标,用于预测患者进入再代偿的可能性,帮助临床及时评估疗效并优化治疗策略。

3.1. 乙型肝炎肝硬化

在HBV相关肝硬化中,早期预测再代偿的核心信号通常集中在胆红素水平、凝血功能、炎症活性、肝细胞再生能力和治疗时机等方面。以“BC2AID”评分模型为例[4],其中包括了治疗第24周TBil ≤ 5 mg/dL、INR ≤ 1.5、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT) ≥ 200 IU/L、AFP ≥ 50 ng/mL、无肝外严重并发症及首次失代偿事件至开始核苷(酸)类似物(nucleos(t)ide analogues, NUCs)治疗时间 ≤ 6个月这六个独立预测因子,它们分别反应了不同层面的可逆性:较低的TBil水平表明肝脏对胆红素结合和转运功能尚能维持,肝细胞的代谢能力未完全丧失;ALT升高多发生在病毒免疫清除期,常伴随HBV DNA水平下降、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(HBeAg)转阴和乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)清除等有益结局,这提示ALT高水平患者可能更易实现病毒的清除[5];AFP则是由肝脏干细胞在长期慢性炎症刺激下重新激活产生,AFP的高表达是肝脏再生活跃的重要标志;而尽早启用抗病毒治疗可防止肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs)持续激活并有助于细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)降解,改善肝细胞微环境[6]

Wen等人[7]对以腹水为首发失代偿事件的HBV肝硬化患者进行研究发现,较高水平的ALT、ALB、AFP以及持续病毒学应答(sustained viral response, SVR)为实现再代偿的有利预测因子,而较低水平的血清钠、年龄较大往往提示不易实现肝硬化的再代偿。较低的血清钠常见于肝脏功能严重受损的患者,他们通常伴随肝肾功能失调,而肾脏功能不全会进一步加重低钠血症。虽然低钠血症本身可通过激活肾上腺素–醛固酮系统、肾素–血管紧张素系统调整血容量,但这些机制在肝硬化失代偿期往往无法发挥作用,进一步引起了体液电解质的代谢紊乱,加重腹水的产生;Alb的高水平不仅反映了肝脏合成功能尚存,还与抗氧化和免疫稳态的维持有关。ALB通过清除自由基,减轻肝脏的氧化应激,同时通过调节细胞因子和免疫细胞的功能,协助维持免疫稳态,促进肝脏功能的恢复[8]。天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数(aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, APRI)亦被证明是HBV肝硬化再代偿的独立预测因子,尤其在基线天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST) ≤ 40 U/L的患者中更为可靠[9]。另外,对于已经实现再代偿的患者,特别是年龄 ≥ 50岁及HBV基因C型的患者,仍面临较高肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)风险,还需长期规范监测和综合管理[10]

3.2. 丙型肝炎肝硬化

随着直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antivirals, DAAs)的广泛应用,HCV失代偿期肝硬化患者几乎可实现100% 持续病毒学应答。病毒清除后肝内炎症显著减轻,HSCs活化受抑,肝脏窦状结构和微循环逐步恢复,约三分之二患者在实现SVR后12个月内可出现再代偿[11]。一项前瞻性队列研究显示,SVR-12应答者中,基线TBil、INR较低以及无大静脉曲张者再代偿率更高[12]。此外,多项回顾性研究发现[13]-[15],既往部分脾栓塞史、高AFP、轻度腹水以及血清肌酐偏低均有助于实现再代偿,其可能机制包括:脾栓塞有助于缓解脾亢,减轻脾脏过度滤过功能,减少血小板消耗;高AFP提示肝脏干细胞激活及再生活跃,表明患者肝脏仍存在一定程度的再生能力;轻度腹水和血清肌酐值偏低则提示肝肾轴和全身灌注未显著失衡,具备较好的恢复条件。相反,糖尿病史、HIV感染、明显门静脉扩张以及低ALB则多指向持续炎症反应、免疫负荷较重或肝脏合成储备不足,成为再代偿不利因素。进一步多中心队列研究表明[11],较低的Child-Pugh评分和较少的既往失代偿事件能够有效预测再代偿的发生,并与移植/死亡风险降低相关,但对HCC的发生影响不大。

3.3. 酒精性肝硬化

在酒精性肝硬化失代偿期患者中,再代偿的实现依赖于多个预测因子的综合分析。Pose等[16]的研究发现,较低的MELD评分、较高的血小板计数及女性性别或身高偏低是实现再代偿的有利因素。较低的MELD评分意味着肝功能存留较好;较高的血小板计数说明脾功能亢进程度较轻;而女性患者更易实现再代偿可能与雌激素可减缓肝纤维化、降低氧化应激有关。Hofer等[17]在《Liver International》发表的研究指出,较低的肝静脉压力梯度(hepatic venous pressure gradient, HVPG)、Child-Pugh评分和体重指数(body mass index, BMI),较高的ALB水平和平均动脉压均有助于实现再代偿。平均动脉压是评估血液灌注的重要参数,平均动脉压的增加提示肝脏等全身多器官灌注得到改善,维持了肝脏微循环的稳定。Aravintha等[18]的研究发现,MELD < 20和ALB ≥ 32 g/L为再代偿的正向预测因子,当这两个因素同时存在时,再代偿率为70%。Tonon等[19]则首次强调了炎症因子在再代偿预测中的重要作用,发现IL-6和IL-1β通过活化HSCs,加剧肝脏纤维化;而IL-10能减轻炎症反应,促进肝脏功能的恢复与再代偿。

3.4. 代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(MASLD)肝硬化

MASLD已成为失代偿期肝硬化的主要病因之一,但由于此类失代偿期患者常合并糖尿病、高血压和肥胖等多重代谢异常,病情复杂,所以相关再代偿机制及预测因子研究相对缺乏。已有研究显示,通过改善生活方式或代谢减重手术(metabolic and bariatric surgery, MBS)使患者体重减轻 ≥ 10%时,有63.2%的病例可出现肝纤维化分级退行[20]。Feng等人[21]研究发现肝硬化患者通过代谢减重手术可实现BMI的显著下降以及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的改善,这不仅降低了全身炎症水平,而且与门静脉压的减轻、肝纤维化的部分逆转相关。现有研究多为单中心、回顾性设计,未来还需多中心前瞻性研究进一步验证。

4. 肝硬化再代偿的治疗

4.1. 病因治疗

4.1.1. HBV肝硬化再代偿

HBV相关失代偿期肝硬化患者的再代偿,关键在于高效的病毒抑制。一线NUCs,如恩替卡韦(entecavir, ETV)、富马酸替诺福韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF)和丙酚替诺福韦(tenofovir alafenamide, TAF),均可显著降低HBV DNA载量,减轻肝脏炎症并改善肝功能。在药物选择上,与ETV相比,TDF和TAF在病毒清除和预防肝性脑病方面疗效相当,但TAF及TDF能显著降低HCC发生率及全因死亡风险[22]。此外,TAF与TDF在抗病毒治疗24周内将HBV DNA降至<29 IU/mL的效果相似,但TAF对肾小球滤过率和骨密度的影响较小,耐受性优于TDF [23]。抗病毒治疗时机至关重要,欧洲肝病学会推荐失代偿期患者应立即启动治疗,无需等待肝功能“稳定”[24]。研究显示,12周内启动治疗者6年累积再代偿率显著高于延迟启动者[25]。关于抗病毒停药时机,目前多数学者支持除非行肝移植,否则失代偿期患者应终身接受抗病毒治疗,以防病毒再激活及致命性肝衰竭[26]

4.1.2. HCV肝硬化再代偿

DAAs通过对HCV的高效清除,肝功能的显著改善,促进了肝硬化的再代偿。Premkumar等人[12]对1152名HCV肝硬化失代偿期患者进行了研究,研究发现在接受DAAs治疗后,约24.7%的患者实现了肝硬化再代偿,实现再代偿的中位时间为16.5个月。在对实现再代偿患者的后续随访发现,2.9%的患者在随访期间发展为HCC。因此,即使已成功实现肝硬化再代偿,还需进行长期的HCC监测和随访。目前关于抗病毒治疗的时机仍存在争议。一些研究建议,对于Child-Pugh B级或MELD < 15的患者,需尽早启动DAAs治疗,尽可能的控制病毒对肝脏的进一步损害;MELD 15~20的患者治疗应根据个体情况综合评估,考虑是否合并有肝脏以外的其他并发症,以此决定是否开启抗病毒治疗;而MELD > 20或活动性失代偿者需优先考虑肝移植后再进行DAAs治疗,因为此类患者肝脏功能已损害较重,抗病毒治疗可能无法立即改善病情,反而加重肝脏负担[27] [28]

4.1.3. 酒精性肝硬化再代偿

彻底戒酒是失代偿期酒精性肝硬化患者实现再代偿的基础。研究表明,约18%持续戒酒的患者可实现再代偿,并降低肝脏相关死亡风险超90% [17]。此类患者可通过心理支持、认知行为干预等方法促进戒酒成功,而对于难以自主维持戒酒的酒精依赖(alcohol use disorder, AUD)患者,美国胃肠病学会2024年指南推荐应用巴氯芬、阿坎酸、加巴喷丁等药物强化戒酒治疗[29]。有研究显示,接受AUD药物治疗的患者肝功能失代偿发生率及死亡率显著下降[30]。酒精性肝硬化患者还常常伴随严重的营养不良,尤其是蛋白质、微量元素的缺乏,营养不良又会加重腹水、肝性脑病的发生。在持续戒酒的同时,适当的补充优质蛋白、维生素有助于缓解这些并发症,改善肝功能。另外,抗氧化剂如N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)可以通过减轻酒精引起的氧化应激从而减少肝脏损伤,成为实现再代偿的辅助用药。对于部分终末期酒精性肝硬化患者,肝移植仍然是实现长期生存和再代偿的唯一有效治疗手段。酒精性肝硬化失代偿期患者接受肝移植后,通常能获得良好的预后。研究表明,接受肝移植的1年、5年和10年生存率分别为85%、74%和65%,与其他病因引起的肝硬化患者相当,甚至在某些情况下更优[31]。然而,酒精复发仍是影响肝移植患者长期预后的重要因素,约22%的肝移植患者出现再次饮酒,这严重影响了长期生存[32]

4.1.4. MASLD相关性肝硬化再代偿

MASLD相关失代偿期肝硬化的再代偿需多维度干预。一项前瞻队列研究显示,个体化低热量饮食结合有氧运动12个月后,近半数患者非酒精性脂肪肝活动性评分(NAS)下降 ≥ 2分,19%出现纤维化退行[33]。Lai等人[34]的研究进一步证明,家庭式中等强度运动在Child-Pugh B/C肝硬化患者中亦安全可行,并且能显著提高患者生活质量(CLDQ评分)。一项来自加州的回顾性队列研究发现[35],接受MBS治疗(尤其是腹腔镜手术)的MASLD肝硬化患者术后5年整体死亡率、肝脏相关死亡率、非肝脏相关死亡率均显著低于未接受手术者。Liu等人的研究指出[36],常见的MBS手术(如Roux-en-Y胃旁路术和袖带胃切除术)能通过改善肝脏脂肪变性、炎症、纤维化和降低癌症风险来改善MASLD患者愈后。但是MASLD肝硬化失代偿期患者往往合并严重的并发症,能否接受MBS治疗,需综合评估。对于不适于手术治疗的患者,SGLT-2抑制剂(如达格列净)提供了药物替代方案,研究表明SGLT-2抑制剂能够增加尿量,减轻水肿,甚至对难治性腹水也有积极作用[37]。Asada等人的动物研究还发现,SGLT-2抑制剂托非格列净可通过抑制肝硬化大鼠窦状毛细血管化,进而延缓门静脉高压和肝纤维化的发生[38]。此外,肠道微生态的干预,如益生菌/益生元/粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)成为了新的研究热点,优化肠道微生态能够减少肠源性内毒素的产生,减轻由肠道细菌易位引发的全身性炎症,但此类研究证据多为动物实验,临床研究还需进一步验证[39]

4.2. 门脉高压治疗

非选择性β-受体阻滞剂(non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blockers, NSBBs)目前已广泛用于治疗肝硬化患者的门静脉高压症。一项系统荟萃分析显示,纳多洛尔和卡维地洛不仅能有效降低门静脉压力,降低静脉曲张出血风险,还能减少HCC的发生[40]。他汀类药物通过激活肝内一氧化氮合酶,在肝硬化患者中显示出潜在的降压效果。一项随机对照试验比较了3个月辛伐他汀40 mg/日与安慰剂对重度门静脉高压患者的作用,结果显示在辛伐他汀组中55%患者达到了HVPG降幅 ≥ 20%或降至 ≤ 12 mmHg的标准,而安慰剂组无此改善[41]。同时,NSBBs联合他汀类药物治疗策略也备受关注,Abdulrazzak的研究发现[42],单用NSBBs降压治疗与他汀类药物联合NSBBs治疗相比,后者降低HVPG效果更显著。对于顽固性腹水或难治性静脉曲张破裂出血患者,经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS)通过建立门–体分流通道,能迅速降低HVPG并改善肝合成功能。多项回顾性研究显示[43] [44],约25%~30%患者在TIPS治疗后的12个月内可达成Baveno VII再代偿标准,表现为腹水消退、无肝性脑病复发及Alb、INR等合成指标稳定改善,其HCC发生率和长期生存率已接近代偿期水平。

4.3. 其他治疗

在肝硬化失代偿期患者的治疗中,免疫相关治疗逐渐成为一个新的研究方向。Brennan等人[45]的文章研究了自体单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞治疗在失代偿期肝硬化患者中的应用。结果显示,经过治疗的患者在360天的随访时间内均没有出现肝脏相关的严重不良事件或死亡,且肝功能和免疫环境均有所改善。干细胞在肝硬化的治疗中也备受关注,以间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)为例,Shi等人[46]开展的前瞻性随机对照研究发现,经MSC输注的失代偿期肝硬化患者血清白蛋白、凝血酶原活性、胆碱酯酶和总胆红素的水平得到明显改善,生存率明显提升。

5. 未来研究与展望

虽然肝硬化再代偿的研究在近年来取得了显著进展,但仍面临着一些有待解决的问题。首先,在肝硬化再代偿的定义与诊断标准层面,目前多依据Baveno VII共识提出的临床及生化标准。然而,该标准主要侧重于临床症状和常规实验室指标的改善,能否全面反映门静脉压力的下降及肝脏纤维化结构的逆转,尚存争议。未来研究需深入探讨其潜在不足,评估是否需纳入无创纤维化及门静脉高压指标来辅助界定再代偿状态。其次,目前针对肝硬化再代偿的治疗多集中于群体治疗,缺乏特异性。由于肝硬化患者的病情差异大,合并症、生活方式也各不相同,治疗方案往往难以满足个体化需求,未来研究可集中于个性化治疗方案的开发,结合患者的基因组、生活习惯、肝脏病理状态等因素,为不同类型的患者提供精准治疗。第三,尽管部分患者通过病因治疗等综合治疗实现了肝硬化的再代偿,但多项研究显示,在实现再代偿的患者中,仍有少部分患者在后续随访过程中出现了再度失代偿的事件,甚至发展为HCC。因此,如何实现再代偿患者的长期稳定,防止复发性失代偿事件的发生,也成为了未来研究的一个重要课题。此外,对肝硬化患者的心理健康及生活质量管理不足。肝硬化患者病程长,病情易反复,疾病长期带来的焦虑、抑郁严重影响着治疗的依从性。未来应探索综合干预措施,如心理评估、情绪支持等,以提升患者的生活质量,提高患者的治疗效果。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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