糖尿病及二甲双胍与腹主动脉瘤进展的相关性研究
Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Metformin Use with the Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631098, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 韩子瑞:青岛大学青岛医学院,山东 青岛;李 君*, 张兴起, 辛 海, 官笑梅:青岛大学附属医院血管外科,山东 青岛;王 琨:青岛大学附属青岛市海慈医院血管外科,山东 青岛
关键词: 腹主动脉瘤糖尿病二甲双胍直径Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Diabetes Mellitus Metformin Diameter
摘要: 目的:分析糖尿病及二甲双胍与腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm, AAA)进展之间的关系,为AAA合并糖尿病患者的临床治疗策略提供新的思路。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2023年12月期间于青岛大学附属医院确诊AAA患者的临床资料,根据是否合并糖尿病及糖尿病患者是否使用二甲双胍,将研究对象分为非糖尿病组(n=142)、糖尿病服用非二甲双胍组(n = 30)、糖尿病使用二甲双胍组(n = 41)。通过CT血管造影(CTA)评估患者AAA的最大直径,根据多次检查结果计算AAA的平均生长速率,并将年直径增长 ≥ 5 mm定义为AAA快速进展。通过基线分析以及多因素Logistic回归模型筛选AAA进展的独立影响因素。结果:与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组AAA最大直径较小,AAA直径生长速度较慢。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病与AAA快速进展风险的降低独立相关。二甲双胍亚组分析显示,在合并糖尿病的AAA患者中,二甲双胍使用者的腹主动脉瘤生长速率低于未使用者,但单因素分析差异未达到统计学显著性,仅呈降低趋势。结论:糖尿病与AAA快速进展风险降低呈独立相关,而二甲双胍在此基础上可进一步减缓AAA的扩张。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the associations of diabetes mellitus and metformin use with the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and to provide potential insights for clinical management of patients with AAA and concomitant diabetes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with AAA at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between January 2018 and December 2023. Patients were categorized into three groups according to diabetes status and metformin use: non-diabetic group (n = 142), diabetic patients not treated with metformin (n = 30), and diabetic patients treated with metformin (n = 41). The maximal AAA diameter was assessed using computed tomography angiography (CTA). The mean annual growth rate of AAA was calculated based on serial imaging examinations, and rapid AAA progression was defined as an annual diameter increase ≥ 5 mm. Baseline characteristics were compared among groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with rapid AAA progression. Results: Compared with the non-diabetic group, patients with diabetes exhibited smaller maximal AAA diameters and slower AAA growth rates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that diabetes was independently associated with a reduced risk of rapid AAA progression. Among diabetic patients, the AAA growth rate in the metformin-treated group was lower than that in the non-metformin group; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance in univariate analysis and showed only a decreasing trend. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is independently associated with a reduced risk of rapid AAA progression. Metformin treatment may further attenuate AAA expansion in patients with AAA and concomitant diabetes.
文章引用:韩子瑞, 李君, 张兴起, 辛海, 官笑梅, 王琨. 糖尿病及二甲双胍与腹主动脉瘤进展的相关性研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 2951-2958. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631098

1. 引言

腹主动脉瘤是一种严重的血管疾病,该疾病的特征是腹主动脉的进行性扩张以及突发性破裂,一旦破裂常导致病人迅速死亡[1]。目前临床上对于AAA的治疗方式多为手术治疗,但对于未达到手术指征的AAA暂无明确有效的保守治疗方案[2]。所以为AAA开拓新的治疗思路尤为迫切。

2型糖尿病是一种以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病,长期的高血糖会对身体各组织器官造成损害,比如常会引起脂代谢紊乱,进而发生动脉粥样硬化等并发症,造成血管损伤[3] [4]。随着人口老龄化以及生活水平的提高,糖尿病的患病率逐年升高,但糖尿病与AAA发展之间的关系却存在争议[5]。既往有研究提示糖尿病引发的血管功能障碍及氧化应激可能加速腹主动脉瘤壁的退行性改变,从而增加破裂风险[6] [7],而有些研究认为,高血糖可抑制中性粒细胞浸润并降低基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)活性,延缓血管壁弹性纤维降解,从而延缓AAA扩张[8]-[10],总之糖尿病对腹主动脉瘤的总体影响尚未明确界定。

二甲双胍作为2型糖尿病的一线治疗药物[11],被研究证实除了有降血糖作用之外,还具有心血管保护作用[12] [13]。而且有些研究显示二甲双胍可能会降低腹主动脉瘤形成的风险[14] [15],但证明其对腹主动脉瘤进展影响的临床数据相对有限。本文旨在系统分析2型糖尿病和腹主动脉瘤患者的临床数据,以评估糖尿病和二甲双胍对AAA发展的影响,为合并2型糖尿病的腹主动脉瘤患者的临床治疗策略提供新的思路。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象

选取2018年1月至2023年12月期间青岛大学附属医院确诊的腹主动脉瘤(AAA)患者。纳入标准如下:(1) 经CTA检查确诊为AAA;(2) 随访期间至少有两次通过CTA测量的AAA直径数据;(3) 具备完整的临床资料。排除标准:(1) AAA破裂后需紧急手术者;(2) 合并主动脉夹层、大动脉炎或其他血管疾病者;(3) 合并癌症者;(4) 合并1型糖尿病;(5) 合并糖尿病并使用二甲双胍的患者中二甲双胍使用时间小于6个月。本研究采用连续入组方式纳入符合标准的腹主动脉瘤患者。共纳入213名受试者,根据是否合并糖尿病及糖尿病患者是否使用二甲双胍进行分组,分为非糖尿病组142例、糖尿病未使用二甲双胍组30例和糖尿病使用二甲双胍组41例。本研究经本院伦理委员会批准,所有患者知情同意。

2.2. 随访指标

本研究涉及的所有患者临床数据均通过医院电子病历系统进行回顾性收集,主要包含以下指标:(1) 一般资料:年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、吸烟史以及高血压、高脂血症、冠心病和脑血管疾病等合并症。(2) 药物使用情况:记录随访期间长期服用的药物类型。对于合并糖尿病的患者,额外记录降糖药物治疗方案信息。(3) 检验指标:收集CTA检查同期的实验室检测结果,包括空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白及低密度脂蛋白。(4) 腹主动脉瘤影像学指标:AAA最大直径为CTA检查时腹主动脉的最大横径,AAA增大速率基于多次监测的CTA结果计算得出。将每年直径增长 ≥ 5毫米定义为腹主动脉瘤快速进展。

2.3. 统计学方法

统计分析采用SPSS 26.0软件进行。首先检验连续变量的正态分布,对于符合正态分布的定量数据,结果以均值 ± 标准差( x ¯ ±s )表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。对于不符合正态分布的定量数据,结果以中位数[M (P25, P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。分类变量以数字和百分比[n (%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。腹主动脉瘤快速进展(年直径增长 ≥ 5毫米)被定义为多变量Logistic回归分析中的因变量,单变量分析中具有临床和生物学意义或P < 0.10的变量纳入多变量Logistic回归分析,以确定与AAA进展相关的独立因素,结果以比值比(OR)及95%置信区间(95% CI)表示。P < 0.05视为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 糖尿病组与非糖尿病组基线资料比较

在213例AAA患者中,非糖尿病组142例,糖尿病组71例。如表1,两组在年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、高血压、高脂血症、冠心病、脑血管疾病及相关用药方面差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组AAA最大直径较小[(37.76 ± 3.58) mm vs. (38.93 ± 4.83) mm, P = 0.048]。随访期间,糖尿病组AAA年直径增长速率呈降低趋势,但差异未达到统计学意义[(4.38 ± 1.01) mm/年vs. (4.66 ± 1.11) mm/年,P = 0.072]。

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of abdominal aortic aneurysm patients with and without diabetes

1. 糖尿病患者及非糖尿病患者基线资料比较

变量

非糖尿病组(n = 142)

糖尿病组(n = 71)

t/Z/χ2

P

年龄(岁, x ¯ ±s )

72.50 ± 7.54

73.24 ± 7.91

−0.664

0.508

性别[n (%)]

0.194

0.66

106 (74.65)

51 (71.83)

36 (25.35)

20 (28.17)

BMI [Kg/m2, x ¯ ±s ]

24.75 ± 4.23

23.80 ± 3.34

−1.949

0.051

腹主动脉瘤最大直径(mm, x ¯ ±s )

38.93 ± 4.83

37.76 ± 3.58

1.99

0.048

腹主动脉瘤增大速率(mm/年, x ¯ ±s )

4.66 ± 1.11

4.38 ± 1.01

1.811

0.072

高血压[n (%)]

45 (31.69)

29 (40.85)

1.75

0.186

降压药[n (%)]

45 (31.69)

24 (33.80)

0.096

0.756

降脂药[n (%)]

38 (26.76)

25 (35.21)

1.623

0.203

心血管疾病[n (%)]

43 (30.28)

18 (25.35)

0.563

0.453

脑血管疾病[n (%)]

15 (10.56)

9 (12.68)

0.211

0.646

抗血小板药[n (%)]

26 (18.31)

12 (16.90)

0.064

0.8

总胆固醇[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

5.450 (4.1, 7.0)

5.860 (4.2, 6.6)

−0.15

0.881

甘油三酯[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

1.995 (1.2, 3.0)

2.320 (1.2, 2.8)

−0.209

0.835

高密度脂蛋白[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

1.925 (1.4, 2.6)

2.100 (1.3, 2.4)

−0.103

0.918

低密度脂蛋白[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

2.630 (1.6, 3.9)

2.970 (1.5, 3.6)

−0.204

0.838

3.2. 糖尿病与腹主动脉瘤的相关性

以AAA快速进展(年直径增长 ≥ 5 mm)为因变量,将糖尿病、年龄、BMI、吸烟史、高血压及AAA最大直径纳入多因素Logistic回归模型。结果显示(表2),糖尿病与AAA快速进展风险降低独立相关(OR = 0.470, 95% CI: 0.245~0.900, P = 0.023)。此外,AAA基线最大直径(OR = 1.080, 95% CI: 1.011~1.153, P = 0.022)和吸烟(OR = 1.289, 95% CI: 1.192~1.394, P = 0.038)是AAA快速进展的独立危险因素。年龄、BMI及高血压与AAA快速进展未见显著相关性(均P > 0.05)。

3.3. 二甲双胍亚组分析

在71例合并糖尿病的AAA患者中,使用二甲双胍者41例,使用非二甲双胍者30例。如表3,两组在年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、高血压、高脂血症、冠心病及血脂、血糖水平差异均无统计学意义(均 P > 0.05)。与使用非二甲双胍组相比,二甲双胍组 AAA最大直径较小[(36.58 ± 3.20) mm vs. (39.38 ± 3.48) mm, P = 0.002]。二甲双胍组AAA年直径增长速率低于非二甲双胍组,但差异未达到统计学意义[(4.18 ± 1.05) mm/年vs (4.64 ± 0.91) mm/年,P = 0.060]。

Table 2. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with rapid abdominal aortic aneurysm progression

2. 糖尿病与腹主动脉瘤快速进展相关因素的多因素logistic回归分析

指标

β

SE(β)

Wald χ2

OR值

OR值95% CI

P值

BMI

−0.001

0.043

0

0.999

0.920~1.086

0.990

糖尿病

−0.756

0.332

5.193

0.470

0.245~0.900

0.023

吸烟史

0.254

0.040

4.209

1.289

1.192~1.794

0.038

年龄

−0.017

0.019

0.796

0.983

0.946~1.021

0.372

高血压

0.110

0.312

0.126

1.117

0.606~2.056

0.723

腹主动脉瘤最大直径(mm)

0.077

0.033

5.276

1.080

1.011~1.153

0.022

Table 3. Baseline characteristics of abdominal aortic aneurysm patients with diabetes according to metformin use

3. 使用二甲双胍患者及未使用二甲双胍患者基线资料比较

变量

服用非二甲双胍组(n = 30)

服用二甲双胍组(n = 41)

t/Z/χ2

p

年龄(岁, x ¯ ±s )

72.87 ± 7.61

73.51 ± 8.20

−0.338

0.737

性别[n (%)]

1.854

0.173

19 (63.33)

32 (78.05)

11 (36.67)

9 (21.95)

BMI [Kg/m2, x ¯ ±s ]

23.89 ± 4.28

24.69 ± 3.32

−0.881

0.381

吸烟史[n (%)]

14 (46.67)

22 (53.66)

0.339

0.561

腹主动脉瘤最大直径(mm, x ¯ ±s )

39.38 ± 3.48

36.58 ± 3.20

3.508

0.002

腹主动脉瘤增大速率(mm/年, x ¯ ±s )

4.64 ± 0.91

4.18 ± 1.05

1.91

0.060

糖尿病病程[年, M (P25, P75)]

7.0 (3.8, 10.5)

3.0 (2.0, 7.0)

−2.389

0.017

空腹血糖(mmol/L, x ¯ ±s )

8.64 ± 2.93

8.12 ± 2.75

0.766

0.446

糖化血红蛋白[%, M (P25, P75)]

7.34 ± 1.13

7.14 ± 1.07

0.763

0.448

高血压[n (%)]

16 (53.33)

13 (31.71)

3.353

0.067

降压药[n (%)]

11 (36.67)

10 (24.39)

1.253

0.263

心血管疾病[n (%)]

8 (26.67)

10 (24.39)

0.047

0.828

降脂药[n (%)]

11 (36.67)

14 (34.15)

0.048

0.826

脑血管疾病[n (%)]

4 (13.33)

5 (12.20)

0.048

0.827

抗血小板药[n (%)]

6 (20.00)

6 (14.63)

0.355

0.551

总胆固醇[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

5.31 ± 1.53

5.63 ± 1.45

−0.894

0.374

甘油三酯[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

2.05 ± 1.02

2.11 ± 0.89

−0.262

0.794

高密度脂蛋白[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

1.89 ± 0.66

2.00 ± 0.61

−0.729

0.469

低密度脂蛋白[mmol/L, M (P25, P75)]

2.53 ± 1.28

2.78 ± 1.13

−0.852

0.397

3.4. 二甲双胍与腹主动脉瘤的相关性

在合并糖尿病的AAA患者中,以AAA快速进展(年直径增长 ≥ 5 mm)为因变量,将二甲双胍使用情况、年龄、BMI、吸烟史、糖尿病病程及AAA最大直径纳入多因素Logistic回归模型。结果显示(表4),二甲双胍使用与AAA快速进展风险降低独立相关(OR = 0.101, 95% CI: 0.021~0.489, P = 0.004)。AAA最大直径仍为AAA快速进展的独立因素(OR = 1.401, 95% CI: 1.058~1.874, P = 0.041)。其余变量与AAA快速进展未见显著相关性(均P > 0.05)。

Table 4. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with rapid abdominal aortic aneurysm progression in patients with diabetes

4. 合并糖尿病腹主动脉瘤患者中二甲双胍与快速生长的多因素分析

指标

β

SE(β)

Wald χ2

OR值

OR值95% CI

p值

BMI

−0.055

0.084

0.431

0.946

0.803~1.115

0.512

吸烟史

−0.34

0.642

0.28

0.712

0.202~2.505

0.597

年龄

0.069

0.045

2.323

1.072

0.980~1.171

0.127

腹主动脉瘤最大直径

−0.356

0.135

6.911

1.401

1.058~1.874

0.041

二甲双胍

−2.292

0.805

8.109

0.101

0.021~0.489

0.004

糖尿病病程

−0.045

0.07

0.408

0.956

0.833~1.097

0.523

4. 讨论

本研究通过回顾性分析临床患者资料,系统评估了糖尿病状态及二甲双胍与腹主动脉瘤进展之间的相关性。统计结果表明糖尿病与AAA快速进展风险降低相关,并在此基础上二甲双胍的使用可进一步延缓AAA生长,而且将年龄、BMI、吸烟史及腹主动脉瘤直径等潜在干扰因素纳入多因素回归分析后,仍可得出糖尿病及二甲双胍作为保护因素的结论,说明糖尿病及二甲双胍对AAA进展的影响有独立性。此外,亚组分析显示非二甲双胍组的AAA生长速率仅略低于非糖尿病组,而二甲双胍者AAA生长速率明显降低,这说明二甲双胍可能在降低AAA生长中起关键作用。但由于本研究样本量较少,目前难以得出明确结论。

在过往研究中,糖尿病对腹主动脉瘤的影响尚未得出确切定论。有研究表明糖尿病的高血糖状态可降低基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)的表达,减少胶原蛋白的降解,从而维持腹主动脉结构的完整性,降低腹主动脉扩张可能性[16]。然而也有一些研究显示糖尿病相关的慢性炎症反应及动脉粥样硬化的并发症可能会不利于血管壁结构的稳定,加大腹主动脉瘤破裂的风险[17] [18]。这种双重影响可能是造成糖尿病与AAA的关系在不同研究中得出不一致结论的原因[19]

多因素Logistic回归分析表明,二甲双胍是AAA快速进展的独立保护因素。既往有研究表明,二甲双胍可抑制弹性蛋白酶的降解,并维持血管平滑肌细胞表型稳定[20]-[23]。此外,二甲双胍还能降低血脂水平,减少炎症因子的释放[24],进而对血管内皮起到保护作用。在本研究中,二甲双胍组与非二甲双胍组的空腹血糖指标差异不大,但二甲双胍组的AAA生长速率明显低于非二甲双胍组,更可以说明其保护作用可能不靠降糖效应,而是对AAA起到直接的保护作用。

本研究仍存在以下局限性。首先,本研究为单中心的回顾性研究,样本量相对较少,可能存在选择偏倚,其结论的普遍适用性还需通过前瞻性多中心研究进行验证。其次,研究仅在随访期内确认二甲双胍使用情况,尽管本研究为所有纳入此项研究的患者设置了二甲双胍服用时间的要求,还在多因素分析里对腹主动脉瘤直径、糖尿病病程等混杂因素做了校正,但还是可能存在不朽时间偏倚,这意味着二甲双胍对腹主动脉瘤进展的保护作用会被高估。第三,本研究未再进一步评估二甲双胍剂量、用药依从性与治疗持续时间和腹主动脉瘤进展之间关联,二甲双胍与AAA的关系仍需深入研究。最后,本研究尚未把组织学及分子机制研究进行结合,相关作用机制尚需进一步探讨。

5. 结论

糖尿病及二甲双胍是减缓腹主动脉瘤生长的独立保护因素。此结论提示在没有明确禁忌证的情况下,二甲双胍可作为合并糖尿病的AAA患者优先考虑的降糖治疗方案之一。因本研究存在样本量不足的局限性,后续仍需通过多中心、大样本的前瞻性研究及基础实验进一步验证相关结论。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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