我国农村宅基地制度的现实困境与优化路径

The Current Dilemmas and Optimization Paths of the Rural Homestead System in China

摘要: 我国农村宅基地制度曾为农民“住有所居”提供基础保障。然而，随着工业化与城镇化推进，人口流动加剧导致“空心村”蔓延，宅基地大量闲置与新增需求无地可批的矛盾并存。同时，制度内“福利属性”与“财产属性”的张力、成员资格“封闭性”与资源优化配置要求之间的冲突日益突出，造成资源利用低效、农民财产权能受限与乡村发展活力不足等困境。破解上述困境，需以“三权分置”改革为基础，构建“保障底线固化、权能分层活化”的机制，通过盘活存量资源、打破“产业薄弱–宅基闲置”的恶性循环，在坚守法律与政策底线的前提下，审慎推动宅基地制度向市场化、法治化方向转型，以激活农村沉睡资产，助力乡村振兴。

Abstract: China’s rural homestead system once provided a fundamental guarantee for farmers to have a place to live. However, with the advancement of industrialization and urbanization, increased population mobility has led to the spread of “hollow villages”, creating a coexistence of a large amount of idle homesteads and no land available for new demands. Simultaneously, tensions within the system between “welfare attributes” and “property attributes”, as well as conflicts between the “closedness” of membership qualifications and the requirements for optimal resource allocation, have become increasingly prominent. These issues result in low resource efficiency, restricted property rights for farmers, and insufficient vitality in rural areas. To address these dilemmas, the optimization path should be based on the reform of the “three rights separation”, constructing a mechanism of “solidifying the security bottom line and activating rights through a multi-level approach”. This involves activating existing resources, breaking the vicious cycle of “weak industry-idle homesteads”, and cautiously promoting the transformation of the rural homestead system towards marketization and legalization while adhering to legal and policy boundaries. This will activate dormant assets in rural areas and support rural revitalization.