乡村振兴背景下欠发达地区农村劳动力高质量充分就业路径探究——以昭通市为例

Exploration of Paths to High-Quality Full Employment for Rural Labor in Underdeveloped Areas under the Background of Rural Revitalization—A Case Study of Zhaotong City

摘要: 促进农村劳动力高质量充分就业是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、推进乡村振兴的核心抓手。昭通市作为西部典型欠发达地区和云南省农村劳动力转移就业重点市，农村劳动力资源丰富，近年来通过组织化输出、就地拓岗、技能培训等举措，实现了就业规模持续扩大、组织化水平稳步提升、重点群体就业保障有力的成效。但受产业基础薄弱、技能供需错位、服务体系不完善等多重因素制约，昭通市农村劳动力就业仍面临就业质量偏低、技能短板突出、就近就业承载力不足、劳动力结构老龄化、服务效能有待提升等突出问题，核心症结在于劳动力供给与市场需求的结构性错位。本文以劳动力供需匹配模型为核心分析框架，结合可持续生计理论，立足昭通市资源禀赋与就业发展实际，从绿色能源、矿产精深加工、高原特色产业、文旅融合产业四大产业赋能入手，配套构建精准化技能培训体系与提质升级的就业服务体系，提出“产业赋能 + 技能适配 + 服务升级”的多元路径体系，推动农村劳动力就业从“规模扩张”向“质量提升”转型。研究结果可为乡村振兴战略下西部同类欠发达地区破解农村劳动力就业难题、实现农民增收与区域协调发展提供理论参考与实践借鉴。

Abstract: Promoting the high-quality and full employment of the rural labor force is a core measure to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation and advance rural revitalization. Zhaotong City, a typical underdeveloped region in western China and a key city for rural labor transfer employment in Yunnan Province, boasts abundant rural labor resources. In recent years, through measures such as organized labor export, local job creation and vocational skills training, achieving the outcomes of a steady expansion of employment scale, a gradual improvement in the level of organization, and strong employment support for key groups. However, constrained by multiple factors including a weak industrial foundation, skill supply-demand mismatch and an imperfect service system, the employment of the rural labor force in Zhaotong is still confronted with prominent problems such as low employment quality, obvious skill gaps, insufficient local employment capacity, an aging labor structure and room for improvement in service efficiency. The core crux lies in the structural mismatch between labor supply and market demand. Taking the labor supply-demand matching model as the core analytical framework and combining it with the sustainable livelihoods theory, this paper, based on Zhaotong’s resource endowments and the reality of its employment development, starts with the empowerment of four major industries—green energy, intensive mineral processing, plateau characteristic industries and integrated cultural and tourism industries—and establishes a supporting targeted vocational skills training system and an upgraded employment service system accordingly. It proposes a diversified path system of “industrial empowerment + skill adaptation + service upgrading” to drive the transformation of rural labor employment from “scale expansion” to “quality improvement”. The research results can provide theoretical references and practical experience for similar underdeveloped regions in western China to solve the rural labor employment problems, increase farmers^, income and advance regional coordinated development under the rural revitalization strategy.