利用现有低值设备构建创新性物理实验教学项目的探索

Exploration of Constructing Innovative Physics Experimental Teaching Projects Using Existing Low Value Equipment

摘要: 在高校物理实验室中，资源的配置与管理是一项复杂而关键的课题，尤其是在设备经费紧张、高端仪器普遍不足的背景下，如何在现有条件下开展创新性实验教学成为亟待解决的问题。本文从高校物理实验室所面临的资源约束出发，围绕如何在现有中低值设备基础上创建创新实验项目展开探讨。通过挖掘设备潜在功能、推进结构创新以及实现多设备整合运用三条路径，系统构建了从单一设备性能拓展到多设备联合应用的功能重构方法，形成了涵盖设备功能创新与多设备重组应用的全链条技术路径。在具体功能延伸方面，围绕力学、电磁学与光热学三大方向，重点阐述了六个具有代表性的应用案例：基于气垫导轨的二次创新构建阻尼测试功能；利用手机内置传感器提升转动惯量实验的测量精度；将电磁感应实验装置改造为可用于动态磁场定量研究的实验平台；通过搭建简易特斯拉线圈实现高电压实验，有效规避常规高值设备的成本问题；整合温差发电片构建能量转换特征的综合实验系统；以及利用小型化激光系统搭建材料微结构测量实验。经过一系列教学实践验证，学生在迁移物理原理方面的困难显著降低，处理非常规问题的能力明显提升。此外，该创新实践在实验仪器重复利用率方面达到86%，设备维修维护投入降低了23%，为解决高校物理实验教学中“高要求、低投入”的矛盾提供了切实可行的思路与路径。

Abstract: In university physics laboratories, the allocation and management of resources present a complex and critical challenge. Against the backdrop of tight equipment budgets and a general shortage of high-end instruments, finding ways to conduct innovative experimental teaching under existing conditions has become an urgent issue to address. This paper starts from the resource constraints faced by university physics laboratories and explores how to create innovative experimental projects based on existing low-to-medium-value equipment. Through three approaches—uncovering potential equipment functions, promoting structural innovation, and achieving integrated multi-device applications—a functional reconstruction method is systematically developed, extending from the enhancement of single-device performance to the combined application of multiple devices. This forms a full-chain technical pathway that encompasses both functional innovation of individual devices and multi-device application reorganization. In terms of specific functional extensions, this paper focuses on three major areas—mechanics, electromagnetics, and optics/thermophysics—and highlights six representative application cases: the secondary innovation of an air track to construct a damping testing function; the use of built-in smartphone sensors to improve the measurement accuracy of rotational inertia experiments; the transformation of an electromagnetic induction experimental setup into a platform for the quantitative study of dynamic magnetic fields; the construction of a simple Tesla coil for high-voltage experiments, effectively circumventing the cost issues associated with conventional high-value equipment; the integration of thermoelectric generator modules to build a comprehensive experimental system for energy conversion characteristics; and the development of a material microstructure measurement experiment using a miniaturized laser system. A series of teaching practices have demonstrated that students' difficulties in transferring physical principles have significantly decreased, and their ability to handle unconventional problems has markedly improved. Furthermore, this innovative approach has achieved an equipment reuse rate of 86% and a 23% reduction in maintenance and repair costs. This provides a practical and feasible pathway for addressing the contradiction between “high demands and low investment” in university physics experiment teaching.