从人称代词“他”的划归看标记论下“她”的创制

The Creation of “她” from the Perspective of Markedness Theory: Based on the Classification of the Pronoun “他”

摘要: 本文以现代汉语第三人称代词系统为研究对象，考察“他”的语法化进程及其性别指向的形成机制。通过对历时文献的梳理，本文将“他”的语法化过程划分为四个阶段，指出“他”作为专指男性的人称代词并非汉语固有特征，而是在近代汉语中逐步确立的结果。在此基础上，进一步探讨人称代词三分格局中“她”的产生过程及其内在逻辑，系统考察“也”“他”“佗”“牠”等形式之间的演变关系。在标记论与文化标出性理论框架下，本文从语言结构与社会文化两个层面分析“她”的创制逻辑，认为其形成以“男性无标记、女性有标记”为前提，体现了性别范畴在语言中的不对称标出。进一步考察“他”完成性别划分后，“他们”作为复数代词在实际使用中出现的群体指称偏差，并基于“微博”“豆瓣”“小红书”等网络语料，对相关使用情况进行描述性分析。文章最后结合家庭身份与社会称谓中的若干标出性词汇，概括其共享的认知与文化机制。

Abstract: This paper examines the modern Chinese third-person pronoun system, focusing on the grammaticalization of “tā” (他) and the formation mechanism of its masculine reference. A diachronic analysis of historical texts reveals that the grammaticalization of “tā” (他) progressed through four distinct stages. The study contends that the exclusive association of “tā” (他) with the masculine gender is not an inherent feature of Chinese but a convention solidified in early modern Chinese. Subsequently, the paper investigates the emergence of “tā” (她) within the tripartite pronoun framework, tracing the evolutionary relationships among variant forms such as “yě” (也), “tā” (他), “tuó” (佗), and “tā” (牠). Employing markedness theory and cultural markedness as its theoretical foundation, the analysis demonstrates that the creation of “tā” (她) was predicated on the principle of “male as unmarked, female as marked,” thereby instantiating an asymmetrical gender marking within the language system. The paper further explores the referential biases associated with the plural form “tāmen” (他们) post-gender differentiation. A descriptive analysis of usage patterns is conducted using contemporary data sourced from social media platforms like Weibo, Douban, and Xiaohongshu. In conclusion, by integrating examples of marked vocabulary related to familial and social titles, the paper synthesizes the underlying cognitive and cultural mechanisms shared across these linguistic phenomena.