海洋微塑料的分析技术研究进展
Research Progress in Analytical Techniques for Marine Microplastics
摘要: 海洋塑料污染已成为全球关注的重大环境问题，其衍生的微塑料因粒径微小、分布广泛、易被生物摄食等特性，对海洋生态系统乃至人类健康构成潜在威胁。当前微塑料污染日益严峻，微塑料在环境中的迁移、转化、归趋和生态毒理效应研究亟需深化，而建立标准化、高效的分析方法既是环境监测的基础，也是开展上述研究的重要前提。本文系统综述了当前国内外海水样品微塑料的采集、预处理及定性、定量检测技术，梳理了人工智能(AI)、高光谱成像技术(HSI)等新型检测技术的应用进展，对比了各类方法的优势与局限，针对现有技术短板明确了未来发展方向。本文对现有技术的系统整合，尤其是传统方法与新兴技术的融合尝试，既反映了跨学科融合的发展趋势，也为后续相关研究提供了参考，对初涉该领域的研究人员具有一定的参考价值。
Abstract: Marine plastic pollution has become a major global environmental concern, and microplastics derived from it pose potential threats to marine ecosystems and even human health due to their characteristics of small particle size, wide distribution, and high susceptibility to ingestion by organisms. As microplastic pollution grows increasingly severe, research on the migration, transformation, fate, and ecotoxicological effects of microplastics in the environment urgently requires further advancement, and establishing standardized and efficient analytical methods is not only the foundation of environmental monitoring but also an essential prerequisite for conducting such research. This paper systematically reviews current technologies for the collection, pretreatment, qualitative, and quantitative detection of microplastics in seawater samples worldwide, summarizes the application progress of emerging detection technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI), compares the advantages and limitations of various methods, and clarifies future development directions to address the shortcomings of existing technologies. The systematic integration of existing technologies in this paper—particularly the attempt to integrate traditional methods with emerging ones—not only reflects the trend of interdisciplinary integration but also provides a valuable reference for subsequent related studies, offering practical guidance and theoretical support to researchers who are new to this field and promoting the in-depth development of microplastic detection and environmental monitoring research.
文章引用：蔡明桐. 海洋微塑料的分析技术研究进展[J]. 环境保护前沿, 2026, 16(3): 430-443. https://doi.org/10.12677/aep.2026.163043

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