大气微塑料：监测分析与环境过程及健康风险的研究进展

Atmospheric Microplastics: Research Progress on Monitoring, Environmental Processes, and Health Risks

摘要: 大气微塑料已成为新兴环境污染物研究热点，其可通过再悬浮与长程输送在区域乃至全球尺度迁移，并通过干湿沉降进入陆地与水体环境，最终造成人群吸入暴露风险。本文围绕“来源–监测–过程–风险”的主线，综述近年大气微塑料的主要排放途径(纺织纤维、交通磨损、城市尘土再悬浮及海岸再释放等)，梳理主动采样与沉降采样的适用场景与局限，重点比较显微傅里叶变换红外(micro-FTIR)、拉曼与热解析(Py-GC/MS)等鉴定定量方法在粒径下限、输出指标(颗粒数/质量浓度)与质量控制方面的差异。进一步总结边界层混合、再悬浮、干湿沉降及气象条件对时空分布的影响，并讨论吸入沉积、炎症与氧化应激等潜在健康效应证据及其不确定性。最后提出未来研究应加强标准化与空白控制、建立多介质通量闭合与长期观测网络，并推进纳米塑料检测与暴露–效应关联研究。

Abstract: Atmospheric microplastics have become a research hotspot among emerging environmental pollutants. They can migrate on regional to global scales through resuspension and long-range transport, and enter terrestrial and aquatic environments via dry and wet deposition, ultimately posing inhalation exposure risks to humans. Following the “sources-monitoring-processes-risks” framework, this review summarizes recent advances in major emission pathways of atmospheric microplastics (e.g., textile fibers, traffic-related abrasion, resuspension of urban dust, and coastal re-release). It further outlines the applicable scenarios and limitations of active air sampling and deposition sampling, with an emphasis on comparing identification and quantification techniques such as micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (Py-GC/MS) in terms of particle-size detection limits, reported metrics (particle number vs. mass concentration), and quality assurance/quality control. In addition, we synthesize current understanding of how boundary-layer mixing, resuspension, dry/wet deposition, and meteorological conditions shape spatiotemporal patterns, and discuss evidence for potential health effects—such as respiratory deposition, inflammation, and oxidative stress—along with associated uncertainties. Finally, we highlight future priorities, including strengthened standardization and blank control, the establishment of multi-compartment mass-flux closure and long-term observation networks, and methodological advances for nanoplastics detection and exposure-effect linkage studies.