饲养动物致害侵权责任制度现存问题研究

Research on the Existing Problems in the Tort Liability System for Damage Caused by Kept Animals

摘要: 我国饲养动物致害侵权责任制度历经古代雏形、近代转型与现代完善三个阶段，已形成以《民法典》第九章为核心的“一般责任 + 特殊责任”二元体系。然而，现行立法在“饲养动物”概念界定、动物分类标准、责任主体认定、归责原则配置及责任减免事由等方面仍存在诸多规范模糊与体系冲突，导致司法实践中出现“同案不同判”现象。本文通过梳理立法沿革与现状，揭示当前制度在主体认定、归责逻辑、责任配置等方面的深层困境，以期推动饲养动物致害侵权责任制度的体系化建设。

Abstract: China’s tort liability system for damage caused by kept animals has evolved through three historical stages—ancient embryonic period, modern transformation, and contemporary refinement—forming a dual framework of “general liability + special liability” centered on Chapter IX of the Civil Code. However, current legislation still suffers from numerous normative ambiguities and systemic conflicts in defining “kept animals”, classifying animal types, identifying liable parties, allocating imputation principles, and specifying grounds for liability mitigation or exemption, leading to the phenomenon of “divergent judgments in similar cases” in judicial practice. By reviewing the legislative evolution and current status, this paper uncovers the deep-seated dilemmas of the current system in aspects such as liable party identification, imputation logic, and liability allocation, with the aim of promoting the systematic construction of the tort liability system for damage caused by kept animals.