老龄化社会背景下老年人法律权益保障的体系化构建

Systematic Construction of Legal Rights Protection for the Elderly in the Context of an Aging Society

摘要: 在全球性人口结构转型的背景下，中国正加速步入深度老龄化社会。老年人权益保障问题已超越传统的家庭赡养范畴，演变为关乎社会公平正义与国家治理现代化的系统性法治议题。本文立足于“积极老龄化”与“权利本位”的理论视角，旨在系统审视并回应我国现行法律体系在保障老年人核心权益方面所面临的现实困境与深层矛盾。本文基于法律实证分析，揭示当前保障体系存在三大困境：人身监护与财产权益面临隐性侵权风险、社会参与遭遇年龄歧视壁垒、养老服务缺乏有效法律规制。究其根源，在于法律规范碎片化、司法救济可及性不足及社会支持网络弱化。为此，本文提出应从立法、司法与社会协同三个维度进行体系化构建，推动法律规范的精细化与协同化，建立专业化、便捷化的司法保护与执法机制，并构筑政府、市场、社会及家庭多元共治的支持网络。唯有通过系统性法治改革，才能切实将老年人权益从文本保障转化为现实福祉，实现积极老龄化社会的治理目标。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of global demographic transition, China is rapidly entering a phase of deep aging society. The issue of protecting the rights and interests of the elderly has transcended the traditional scope of family support and evolved into a systemic legal concern related to social equity and justice, as well as the modernization of national governance. Based on the theoretical perspectives of “active aging” and “rights-based approach”, this paper systematically examines and responds to the practical challenges and underlying contradictions faced by China’s current legal system in safeguarding the core rights of the elderly. Through legal empirical analysis, the paper reveals three major dilemmas in the current protection system: hidden infringement risks in personal guardianship and property rights, barriers of age discrimination in social participation, and inadequate legal regulation of elderly care services. The root causes lie in the fragmentation of legal norms, insufficient accessibility of judicial remedies, and the weakening of social support networks. To address these issues, this paper proposes a systematic construction from three dimensions: legislation, judiciary, and social collaboration. It advocates for the refinement and harmonization of legal norms, the establishment of specialized and accessible judicial protection and law enforcement mechanisms, and the construction of a multi-party collaborative governance network involving the government, market, society, and families. Only through systematic legal reforms can the rights of the elderly be effectively translated from statutory provisions into tangible well-being, thereby achieving the governance objectives of an active aging society.