功能主义视角下所有权保留买卖中优先受偿性的取得

The Acquisition of Priority of Repayment in Retention of Title Sales from the Perspective of Functionalism

摘要: 在现代商业交易中，所有权保留是一种常见的融资担保方式。本文指出，《民法典》第641条所规定的“保留所有权”并非传统意义上的完整所有权，而是一种为担保价款债权实现的“担保性所有权”。这种权利的核心功能是担保，其权能(占有、使用、收益、处分)受到严格限制。应从功能主义视角理解这一制度：出卖人享有的权利本质上是一种非典型担保物权。其优先受偿效力的取得，依赖于两个关键环节：一是依法进行登记，二是通过取回权实现对标的物的实际控制。这与典型担保物权的公示与控制要件完全一致。当标的物上存在多重权利时，冲突的解决需遵循“超级优先权→登记/交付时间先后→实际控制”的三步顺位规则，这一分析为统一动产担保规则、理清权利冲突提供了理论基础。本文的主要解决问题是在功能主义的视角下所有权保留的优先受偿效力取得。

Abstract: In modern commercial transactions, retention of title is a common form of financing security. This article points out that the “retained ownership” stipulated in Article 641 of the Civil Code is not the complete ownership in the traditional sense, but a “security ownership” for guaranteeing the realization of the price claim. The core function of this right is security, and its rights and powers (possession, use, income, and disposal) are strictly restricted. This system should be understood from a functionalist perspective: the rights enjoyed by the seller are essentially a non-typical security interest in property. The acquisition of its priority right of compensation depends on two key links: one is to register in accordance with the law, and the other is to achieve actual control over the subject matter through the right of recovery. This is completely consistent with the public notice and control requirements of typical security interests in property. When there are multiple rights on the subject matter, the resolution of conflicts should follow the three-step ranking rule of “superior priority → time sequence of registration/delivery → actual control”. This analysis provides a theoretical basis for unifying the rules of movable property security and clarifying conflicts of rights. The main problem addressed in this article is the acquisition of the priority right of compensation of retention of title from a functionalist perspective.