三江平原污染源遥感解译研究

Research on Remote Sensing Interpretation of Pollution Sources in Sanjiang Plain

摘要: 三江平原作为我国重要的粮食生产基地和生态功能区，其地表水环境质量直接关系到区域生态安全和农业可持续发展。但随着农业活动的扩大及工业化进程的推进，各类污染源大量排放，导致区域水质恶化，严重威胁生态系统稳定与可持续发展。本研究利用遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术，以2022年QuickBird、SPOT-5和RapidEye遥感影像为核心数据源，建立不同分辨率数据遥感解译标志，结合实地核查验证，对三江平原区域地表水环境评价关键专题因子进行精准解译与定量提取，系统分析区域内矿业活动、垃圾填埋场、加油站等主要污染源的分布规律与污染特征。结果显示，三江平原矿区环境污染以水体污染和固体废弃物污染为主，水体污染集中分布于鹤岗煤矿区；露天垃圾场分布相对集中，主要集聚于佳木斯市区、密山市与饶河县境内；加油站主要分布在城镇周边及交通干线附近。为三江平原地表水环境管控、污染源综合治理与湿地生态安全保障提供了关键专题因子数据基础。

Abstract: As a crucial grain production base and ecological functional zone in China, the Sanjiang Plain’s surface water quality directly impacts regional ecological security and agricultural sustainability. However, with the expansion of agricultural activities and industrialization, massive pollutant emissions have led to water quality deterioration, severely threatening ecosystem stability and sustainable development. This study employs remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies, using 2022 QuickBird, SPOT-5, and RapidEye imagery as core data sources. By establishing multi-resolution interpretation markers and combining field verification, we conduct precise interpretation and quantitative extraction of key thematic factors for surface water environmental assessment in the Sanjiang Plain. The analysis systematically examines distribution patterns and pollution characteristics of major sources including mining activities, landfills, and gas stations. Results indicate that water pollution and solid waste contamination dominate the mining area, with water pollution concentrated in Hegang Coal Mine District. Open-air landfills are relatively clustered in Jiamusi City, Mishan City, and Raohe County, while gas stations are primarily located near urban areas and transportation corridors. These findings provide critical thematic factor data for surface water management, comprehensive pollution source control, and wetland ecological security in the Sanjiang Plain.