基于无创指标对肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤 预测模型的建立与验证
Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Acute Kidney Injury after Liver Transplantation Based on Noninvasive Indicators
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631191, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 郑 楠, 庄 斌, 马天兴, 刘 单, 代增强, 张胜龙, 张 斌*:青岛大学附属医院器官移植中心,山东 青岛
关键词: 肝移植急性肾功能损伤危险因素预测模型Liver Transplantation Acute Kidney Injury Risk Factors Prediction Model
摘要: 目的:探究无创指标对肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤(AKI)的预测价值,建立预测模型并验证。方法:本研究为回顾性研究,回顾性分析2022年1月至2025年6月于青岛大学附属医院器官移植中心行同种异体肝移植供受者临床资料,2022年1月至2024年12月供受者作为训练集,2025年1月至2025年6月供受者作为验证集。根据肝移植术后7天内是否发生AKI进行分组,获取临床资料并通过公式计算相关无创指标评分。采用独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验、χ2检验或Fisher精确检验进行两组间差异比较。通过Logistic回归筛选危险因素并建立预测模型,绘制列线图、校准曲线、临床决策曲线、临床影响曲线对模型进行性能评价,并对模型进行验证。结果:多因素分析结果显示,Agile3+评分(OR = 3.37, p < 0.01)、FIB-4评分(OR = 4.12, p < 0.01)、受者年龄(OR = 1.07, p < 0.01)、受者白蛋白(OR = 0.94, p = 0.02)均为肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤的独立影响因素。用以上危险因素构建肝移植术后AKI的预测模型,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线的曲线下面积为0.74,时间外部验证ROC曲线下面积为0.64,临床决策曲线及临床影响曲线提示模型有一定预测价值。结论:基于无创指标构建肝移植术后AKI的预测模型具有一定风险预测价值,可对临床决策提供参考,用于临床实践,需要进一步优化及验证。
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of non-invasive indices for acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation and to develop and validate a prediction model. Methods: This was a retrospective study that reviewed the clinical data of donors and recipients who underwent allogeneic liver transplantation at the Organ Transplantation Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between January 2022 and June 2025. Donors and recipients from January 2022 to December 2024 were included as the training cohort, while those from January 2025 to June 2025 constituted the validation cohort. Patients were divided into groups according to the occurrence of AKI within 7 days after liver transplantation. Clinical variables were collected, and non-invasive index scores were calculated using standard formulas. Between-group differences were assessed using the independent-samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors and construct a prediction model. Model performance was evaluated using a nomogram, calibration curve, decision curve analysis, and clinical impact curve, and the model was subsequently validated. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that the Agile3+ score (OR = 3.37, p < 0.01), FIB-4 (OR = 4.12, p < 0.01), recipient age (OR = 1.07, p < 0.01), and recipient serum albumin level (OR = 0.94, p = 0.02), were independent predictors of postoperative AKI. The prediction model constructed using these risk factors demonstrated an area under the ROC curve of 0.74, and the time-based external validation yielded an AUC of 0.64. Decision curve analysis and the clinical impact curve suggested that the model has potential clinical predictive value. Conclusion: A prediction model for AKI after liver transplantation based on non-invasive indicators provides meaningful risk stratification and may assist clinical decision-making; however, further optimization and validation are required before clinical application.
文章引用:郑楠, 庄斌, 马天兴, 刘单, 代增强, 张胜龙, 张斌. 基于无创指标对肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤 预测模型的建立与验证[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 3826-3837. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631191

1. 引言

1963年Starzl教授完成首例同种异体肝移植以来[1],随着外科手术技术的进步和免疫抑制剂的发展,肝移植已成为治疗终末期肝病的有效手段。急性肾功能损伤(Acute kidney injury, AKI)为肝移植术后常见并发症,发生率大约在50%,且严重影响患者预后,一部分患者会进展为慢性肾脏病甚至需要肾替代治疗,还与移植物丢失率及死亡率密切相关[2]。研究表明AKI的发生与移植物质量、受者术前白蛋白、终末期肝病模型评分(Model for end-stage liver disease, MELD)、受者体重指数、术中无肝期、术中出血量、受者基础肾功能水平、术后免疫治疗方案等因素有关[2] [3]。近年来一些非侵入性检测如肝脏硬度值(liver stiffness measurement, LSM)、Agile3+、FIB-4评分等指标广泛用于肝脏相关疾病诊断及预后的预测,都展示出良好的性能[4] [5]。这些无创指标在肝移植中的应用较少[6],本研究尝试探究无创指标对肝移植术后发生急性肾功能损伤的预测价值。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 研究对象及分组

收集青岛大学附属医院器官移植中心2022年1月至2025年6月行同种异体肝移植手术供受者临床资料。纳入标准:(1) 供受者年龄均>18岁;(2) 供者术前行超声瞬时弹性成像检查;(3) 供者为脑死亡器官捐献。排除标准:(1) 缺失必要的临床资料;(2) 术前受者肾功能异常;(3) 合并肾脏移植或多器官移植受者。以2022年1月至2024年12月肝移植供受者作为训练集(n = 220),以2025年1月至2025年6月肝移植供受者为验证集(n = 92)。本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的相关要求,获得青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准(伦理审核批件号:QYFYWZLL30694),且豁免患者知情同意。所有移植物都源于公民逝世脑死亡捐赠者,器官捐献前征得捐献者家属同意,并由中国人体器官分配与共享计算机系统分配。

2.2. 结局事件诊断标准

本研究的结局事件为急性肾功能损伤(AKI),根据肾脏疾病改善全球预后(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, KDIGO)发布的标准[7],将AKI定义为:(1) 在48小时内血肌酐升高 ≥ 26.5 μmol/L;(2) 在7天内血肌酐升高超过基础值的1.5倍及以上;(3) 尿量减少(<0.5 ml∙kg1∙h1)且持续时间在6小时以上;凡符合以上任意一条,即可诊断为AKI。以受者术前血肌酐平均值作为血肌酐基础值,肝移植术后监测受者血肌酐变化至少10天。

2.3. 研究内容

在训练集中根据肝移植术后7天内是否发生急性肾功能损伤分为AKI组和非AKI组。收集供者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)、糖尿病病史;供者检查结果,包括肝脏硬度值(liver stiffness measurement, LSM)、受控衰减系数(controlled attenuation parameter, CAP)、血小板计数(Platelet Count, PLT)、白蛋白(Albumin, ALB)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(Aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(Alanine aminotransferase, ALT);受者临床资料,包括年龄、性别、BMI、糖尿病病史、病因;受者检查结果,包括白蛋白、MELD评分;受者手术资料,包括无肝期、失血量。计算相关指标,并根据相关文献转化为分类变量[8]-[15],BMI分类为>24 kg/m2,<24 kg/m2;LSM分类为>7 kPa,<7 kPa;CAP分类为>238 (dB/m),<238 (dB/m);Agile3+分类为>0.451,<0.451;FIB-4分类为>1.3,<1.3。计算公式如下:

MELD=3.78×ln+11.2×ln+9.57×ln+6.43

FIB-4= ( ×AST )/ ( × ALT )

Agile3+= e 3.92368+2.29714×ln( LSM )0.00902×PLT0.98633× AAR 1 +1.08636×尿0.38581×+0.03018× 1+ e 3.92368+2.29714×ln( LSM )0.00902×PLT0.98633× AAR 1 +1.08636×尿0.38581×+0.03018×

供肝弹性瞬时成像由一名临床工作超过5年的超声医师,使用法国FibroScan仪器,有效测量12次,记录LSM和CAP的中位平均值;检查医师不知晓供者信息及检查结果。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS25.0和R 4.5.1软件进行统计分析。应用Shapiro-Wilk检验对数据进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的定量资料以 x ¯ ±s 表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料以M(Q1, Q3)表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行组间比较。定性资料以例数(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。对纳入变量进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,将筛选出的变量用于建立Logistic回归预测模型。绘制列线图展示预测模型的临床可操作性;绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线、校准曲线、决策曲线、和临床影响曲线展示模型对肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤的预测价值;在验证集进行验证。以p < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 训练集和验证集供受者一般临床资料比较

本研究共收集312例患者资料,供者男性258例(82.69%),女性54例(17.31%),供者年龄中位数54岁(范围:18岁~78岁);受者男性242例(77.56%),女性70例(22.44%),受者年龄中位数53岁(范围:22岁~80岁)。其中肝移植术后诊断为急性肾功能损伤143例(45.83%)。肝移植受者接受肝移植手术病因前二分别是肝恶性肿瘤144例(46.15%)、乙型肝炎后肝硬化63例(20.19%)。对训练集和验证集进行统计分析显示,两组间供者年龄,供者性别,受者性别差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05) (表1)。

Table 1. Comparison of clinical characteristics between the training and validation cohorts

1. 训练集与验证集供受者临床资料比较

变量

训练集(n = 220)

验证集(n = 92)

统计值

p

供者白蛋白(g/L)

34.06 ± 5.81

33.52 ± 5.23

t = −0.77

0.44

受者白蛋白(g/L)

33.99 ± 6.16

33.24 ± 5.61

t = −1.01

0.31

供者年龄(岁)

53.00 (42.75, 60.00)

56.50 (47.75, 64.25)

Z = −2.34

0.02

供者血小板计数(×109/L)

189.50 (120.75, 249.00)

198.50 (146.25, 270.75)

Z = −1.27

0.20

供者丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(U/L)

32.00 (20.00, 58.25)

27.00 (17.75, 47.50)

Z = −1.74

0.08

供者天冬氨酸转氨酶(U/L)

46.00 (24.00, 85.25)

40.00 (23.75, 66.25)

Z = −1.30

0.19

受者年龄(岁)

53.00 (46.00, 58.00)

54.00 (49.00, 59.00)

Z = −1.49

0.14

MELD评分

13.69 (10.29, 19.41)

14.55 (10.42, 22.49)

Z = −0.55

0.58

无肝期(min)

39.00 (34.00, 49.25)

36.00 (32.75, 49.25)

Z = −0.90

0.37

失血量(mL)

600.00 (500.00, 800.00)

500.00 (500.00, 800.00)

Z = −0.56

0.58

供者性别

χ2 = 7.03

<0.01

30 (13.64)

24 (26.09)

190 (86.36)

68 (73.91)

供者体重指数(kg/m2)

χ2 = 2.57

0.11

<24

86 (39.09)

45 (48.91)

>24

134 (60.91)

47 (51.09)

供者糖尿病

χ² = 0.07

0.79

196 (89.09)

81 (88.04)

24 (10.91)

11 (11.96)

LSM (kPa)

χ2 = 0.80

0.37

<7

159 (72.27)

71 (77.17)

>7

61 (27.73)

21 (22.83)

CAP (dB/m)

χ2 = 0.05

0.83

<238

151 (68.64)

62 (67.39)

>238

69 (31.36)

30 (32.61)

Agile3+

χ2 = 1.21

0.27

<0.451

61 (27.73)

20 (21.74)

>0.451

159 (72.27)

72 (78.26)

FIB-4

χ2 = 0.08

0.78

<1.3

73 (33.18)

29 (31.52)

>1.3

147 (66.82)

63 (68.48)

受者性别

χ² = 4.80

0.03

42 (19.09)

28 (30.43)

178 (80.91)

64 (69.57)

受者体重指数(kg/m2)

χ2 = 1.66

0.20

<24

106 (48.18)

37 (40.22)

>24

114 (51.82)

55 (59.78)

受者糖尿病

χ2 = 0.98

0.32

184 (83.64)

81 (88.04)

36 (16.36)

11 (11.96)

急性肾功能损伤

χ2 = 0.002

0.97

119 (54.09)

50 (54.35)

101 (45.91)

42 (45.65)

注:表内符合正态分布的定量资料以 x ¯ ±s 表示,不符合正态分布的定量资料以M(Q1, Q3)表示;定性资料以例数(%)表示;MELD示终末期肝病模型评分;LSM示肝脏硬度值;CAP示受控衰减系数;Agile3+、FIB-4示复合无创指标。

3.2. 训练集肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤的单因素和多因素分析结果

在训练集中AKI组和非AKI组间受者年龄、受者白蛋白、供者AST、MELD评分、FIB-4评分、受者糖尿病差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05) (表2)。为避免遗漏重要的风险因素,本研究将所有变量分纳入多因素分析,多因素分析结果显示,Agile3+评分(OR = 3.37, 95%CI: 1.62~7.00, p < 0.01)、FIB-4评分(OR = 4.12, 95%CI: 2.02~8.40, p < 0.01)、受者年龄(OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.03~1.10, p < 0.01)、受者白蛋白(OR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.89~0.99, p = 0.02)均为肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤的独立影响因素(p < 0.05),其中受者白蛋白为保护因素(表3)。

Table 2. Comparison of clinical characteristics between recipients with and without postoperative acute kidney injury in the training cohort

2. 训练集肝移植术后发生和未发生急性肾功能损伤供受者临床资料比较

变量

非AKI组(n = 119)

AKI组(n = 101)

统计值

p

供者白蛋白(g/L)

34.06 ± 5.61

34.06 ± 6.07

t = −0.00

1.00

受者白蛋白(g/L)

35.21 ± 6.43

32.57 ± 5.53

t = 3.23

<0.01

供者年龄(岁)

54.00 (43.00, 62.00)

52.00 (42.00, 59.00)

Z = −0.91

0.36

供者血小板计数(×109/L)

207.00 (121.00, 257.50)

183.00 (120.00, 237.00)

Z = −1.11

0.27

供者丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(U/L)

28.00 (18.00, 48.50)

34.00 (21.00, 69.00)

Z = −1.91

0.06

供者天冬氨酸转氨酶(U/L)

34.00 (22.00, 76.00)

49.00 (31.00, 101.00)

Z = −2.45

0.01

受者年龄(岁)

51.00 (42.00, 56.50)

54.00 (48.00, 60.00)

Z = −3.20

<0.01

MELD评分

12.68 (9.58, 19.53)

14.91 (11.62, 19.38)

Z = −1.99

<0.05

无肝期(min)

39.00 (32.00, 50.00)

39.00 (35.00, 48.00)

Z = −0.78

0.43

失血量(mL)

600.00 (500.00, 800.00)

600.00 (500.00, 1000.00)

Z = −0.56

0.57

供者性别

χ2 = 0.09

0.76

17 (14.29)

13 (12.87)

102 (85.71)

88 (87.13)

供者体重指数(kg/m2)

χ2 = 0.47

0.49

<24

49 (41.18)

37 (36.63)

>24

70 (58.82)

64 (63.37)

供者糖尿病

χ2 = 0.20

0.66

105 (88.24)

91 (90.10)

14 (11.76)

10 (9.90)

LSM (kPa)

χ2 = 0.36

0.55

<7

88 (73.95)

71 (70.30)

>7

31 (26.05)

30 (29.70)

CAP (dB/m)

χ2 = 0.15

0.70

<238

83 (69.75)

68 (67.33)

>238

36 (30.25)

33 (32.67)

Agile3+

χ2 = 2.29

0.13

<0.451

38 (31.93)

23 (22.77)

>0.451

81 (68.07)

78 (77.23)

FIB-4

χ2 = 9.13

<0.01

<1.3

50 (42.02)

23 (22.77)

>1.3

69 (57.98)

78 (77.23)

受者性别

χ2 = 0.35

0.55

21 (17.65)

21 (20.79)

98 (82.35)

80 (79.21)

受者体重指数(kg/m2)

χ2 = 0.98

0.32

<24

61 (51.26)

45 (44.55)

>24

58 (48.74)

56 (55.45)

受者糖尿病

χ2 = 4.01

<0.05

105 (88.24)

79 (78.22)

14 (11.76)

22 (21.78)

注:表内符合正态分布的定量资料以 x ¯ ±s 表示,不符合正态分布的定量资料以M(Q1, Q3)表示;定性资料以例数(%)表示;MELD示终末期肝病模型评分;LSM示肝脏硬度值;CAP示受控衰减系数;Agile3+、FIB-4示复合无创指标。

Table 3. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury after liver transplantation

3. 肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤危险因素的多因素分析

变量

β

SE

Z

OR

95%CI

p

Agile3+ (>0.451比<0.451)

1.22

0.37

3.26

3.37

1.62~7.00

<0.01

FIB-4 (>1.3比<1.3)

1.42

0.36

3.89

4.12

2.02~8.40

<0.01

受者年龄(每增加1岁)

0.06

0.02

3.72

1.07

1.03~1.10

<0.01

受者白蛋白(每增加1 g/L)

−0.06

0.03

−2.38

0.94

0.89~0.99

0.02

注:Agile3+、FIB-4示复合无创评分。

3.3. 肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的建立、评价及验证

筛选多因素分析中p < 0.05变量,筛选出Agile3+评分、FIB-4评分、受者年龄、受者白蛋白。使用上述4个变量Logistics回归模型,绘制列线图(图1)。

Figure 1. Nomogram for predicting acute kidney injury after liver transplantation based on non-invasive indicators

1. 基于无创指标肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的列线图

训练集预测模型绘制的ROC曲线下面积为0.74 (95%CI: 0.68~0.81) (图2),在取最佳阈值0.54时,模型灵敏度为59.41%,特异度为83.19%;Brier评分为0.20;Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验提示该模型拟合度良好χ2 = 9.38 (P > 0.05)。校准曲线显示,模型显示出良好的校准性能;Bootstrap校正后曲线与理想线接近(图3)。临床决策曲线结果显示,当阈值在0.2~0.8之间时具有显著的临床净获益(图4)。临床影响曲线结果显示,该模型能有效区分急性肾功能损伤风险,且当阈值大于0.6后,模型预测和实际发生匹配程度高,临床预测有效率高(图5)。在时间外部验证中,应用该模型在验证集中,预测肝移植术后AKI的AUC值为0.64 (95% CI 0.53~0.76),敏感度为61.90%,特异度为66.00% (图6);Brier评分为0.23。通过使用风险预测模型对验证集进行检测,总体准确率达60.78%。

Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the model predicting acute kidney injury after liver transplantation based on non-invasive indicators

2. 基于无创指标肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的受试者工作特征曲线

Figure 3. Calibration curve of the model predicting acute kidney injury after liver transplantation based on non-invasive indicators

3. 基于无创指标肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的校准曲线

Figure 4. Decision curve analysis (DCA) of the model predicting acute kidney injury after liver transplantation based on non-invasive indicators

4. 基于无创指标肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的临床决策曲线

Figure 5. Clinical impact curve of the model predicting acute kidney injury after liver transplantation based on non-invasive indicators

5. 基于无创指标肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的临床影响曲线

Figure 6. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the prediction model for acute kidney injury after liver transplantation in the validation cohort

6. 验证集肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型的受试者工作特征曲线

4. 讨论

随着终末期肝病患者不断增加,越来越多患者寻求肝移植手术治疗,虽然劈离式肝移植、多米诺肝移植等技术在临床的广泛应用,供肝短缺仍是亟待解决的难题。目前肝移植术后发生AKI可能与多种因素密切相关,包括术前、术中、术后,涉及供受者,围手术期如能尽早准确识别高危人群,能明显改善肝移植患者预后。本研究探究无创指标对肝移植术后AKI的预测价值,研究结果显示部分指标能有效预测急性肾功能损伤风险,尤其是FIB-4、Agile3+评分等指标是肝移植术后患者发生急性肾功能损伤的独立危险因素。据此开发了一个临床预测模型,期望为临床决策提供便利。

缺血-再灌注损伤是常见的AKI发病机制之一,当肾血流量下降时,肾小管上皮细胞能量快速耗竭,离子泵功能下降,细胞出现肿胀、坏死;血流恢复时,会产生大量氧自由基,诱发上皮细胞的进一步损伤[16]。肝移植手术中,因为术中麻醉、失血、补液不足而造成肾灌注不足;而术中无肝期加剧了这一过程,部分阻断或阻断下腔静脉的手术方式造成回心血量的减少,导致心输出量的减少,减少肾灌注;血供恢复时又会造成再灌注损伤。结合既往研究[17] [18],出血量的增加及无肝期的延长确实增加了AKI的风险,但本研究未能明显观察到出血量及无肝期对AKI的影响。通过研究发现,受者白蛋白下降与肝移植术后AKI发生有关。这可能是由于白蛋白有维持胶体渗透压的作用,保持循环的稳定,在术中减少灌注状态的变化对肾脏的损害;其次,白蛋白具有抗氧化及减少炎症反应的功能[19]

本研究发现受者年龄与肝移植术后AKI显著相关,这与翟等人的研究结果一致[20]。既往文献指出[21],年龄增长伴随肾小球硬化和肾小球滤过率下降,从而显著削弱肾脏对低灌注和再灌注损伤的耐受性。在肝移植中年龄较大受者,可能同时患有糖尿病、高血压以及心肺系统疾病,导致围术期血流动力学调节能力下降,进而加重手术中低灌注、再灌注和免疫抑制治疗对肾脏的打击。Wang等人发现糖尿病与肝移植术后发生AKI密切相关[22],在重大手术刺激下糖尿病患者更容易发生急性肾功能损伤。肾脏是糖尿病微血管病变的靶器官之一,其主要通过损伤肾血管内皮,造成肾脏对血流动力学改变、缺血再灌注损伤耐受性降低。同时,线粒体损伤、氧化应激及炎症反应等机制都与糖尿病一同影响急性肾功能损伤的发生[23]

近年来充分的研究表明Agile3+评分、FIB-4评分等无创指标广泛应用于临床,不仅能非侵入性评估肝脏脂肪变性及纤维化程度,还能早期识别肝脏相关事件及死亡率[4] [24]-[26]。Arshad等人[6]将LSM和基于LSM构建的无创指标用于肝移植受者评估,结果显示这些指标在肝移植人群肝硬化评估及识别肝硬化进展风险有一定临床价值。Jadlowiec等人[3]提出另一可能导致AKI的机制,脂肪滴在释放到血液中时,可能会形成微血管栓塞,进一步造成缺血及炎症介质的释放,最终导致器官系统功能障碍,这一机制解释了潜在的脂肪变供肝对肝移植术后的影响。而将上述提到的无创指标用于供者肝脏质量的评估,也能有效预测AKI的发生,这与本研究的结果相一致。

研究基于无创指标建立的肝移植术后急性肾功能损伤预测模型,在综合各种危险因素的同时,兼具了一定敏感性与特异性。可用于术前筛选出高风险人群,为临床医师提供参考并能及早干预。

同时研究存在一定局限性,本研究样本量较小,且为单中心回顾性研究,尽管通过优化研究过程及完善统计学过程,仍会产生偏倚影响研究结果;且该预测模型为初步探索,预测效能有限,进一步应用于临床需要更大样本、多中心研究进一步验证结果,以及对具体机制的深入研究。

基金项目

青岛大学附属医院横向课题(QDFYHXKT2024-001)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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