不同维生素与缺血性卒中相关性的研究进展
Research Progress on the Association between Different Vitamins and Ischemic Stroke
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.1631197, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 蒋兆雪, 余 震*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院神经内科,重庆
关键词: 维生素脑梗死缺血性卒中Vitamins Cerebral Infarction Ischemic Stroke
摘要: 缺血性卒中,即脑梗死,是全球致死、致残的主要疾病之一,占所有脑卒中的80%以上;其病理机制涉及血管损伤、炎症反应、氧化应激等多个环节。传统危险因素如高血压、糖尿病等的相关研究已形成明确共识,而维生素代谢失衡作为脑梗死研究的新兴方向,目前尚未形成统一的结论。本文采用GRADE证据分级工具对现有研究结论进行质量评价,系统梳理维生素A、B族、C、D、E与脑梗死的相关性,重点针对各类维生素的作用机制、研究证据、现存争议,以期为脑梗死的临床防治提供更坚实的科学依据。
Abstract: Ischemic stroke, also known as cerebral infarction, is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, accounting for over 80% of all strokes. Its pathological mechanism involves multiple aspects such as vascular damage, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. Studies on traditional risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes have reached a clear consensus, while the research on vitamin imbalance as an emerging direction in the study of cerebral infarction has not yet reached a unified conclusion. This article uses the GRADE evidence grading tool to evaluate the quality of existing research conclusions, systematically sorts out the correlations between vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E and cerebral infarction, and focuses on the mechanism of action, research evidence, and existing controversies of various vitamins, with the aim of providing a more solid scientific basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction.
文章引用:蒋兆雪, 余震. 不同维生素与缺血性卒中相关性的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(3): 3877-3885. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1631197

1. 引言

缺血性卒中(脑梗死)是一种具有高发病率、高致残率、高死亡率及高复发率特征的脑血管疾病,长期以来构成全球性的重大公共卫生挑战[1]。其病理生理机制复杂,涉及血管内皮损伤、炎症级联反应、氧化应激损伤、兴奋性毒性、血脑屏障破坏等多个相互关联的环节。

维生素作为人体维持正常生理功能所必需的微量营养素,广泛参与机体能量代谢、抗氧化防御等关键生理过程。目前临床已确立的脑卒中危险因素中,年龄、性别及遗传背景属于不可控因素,而高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、饮酒等则属于可控可干预的危险因素。近年来,除传统危险因素外,越来越多的非传统因素受到关注,其中维生素代谢失衡与脑梗死发生发展的关联已成为新的研究热点。

目前关于各类维生素与脑梗死的研究结论尚存争议,基础研究与临床转化之间存在差距,临床尚无统一的维生素干预规范。基于此,本文系统梳理维生素A、B族、C、D、E与缺血性卒中的相关研究,采用GRADE证据分级工具对现有研究证据进行质量分级,按不同维度进行结构化梳理,系统整合各类维生素的作用靶点与机制,深入分析 RCT研究出现争议的核心原因,为脑梗死的防治提供更多参考。

2. 维生素在脑梗死中的作用机制

2.1. 抗氧化与抗炎调控通路

维生素A、C、E作为抗氧化维生素,构成了机体抗氧化防御体系的关键组成部分。维生素 A 的活性代谢产物视黄酸可通过抑制核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号通路,下调促炎因子表达,抑制胶质细胞过度活化,同时上调多种内源性抗氧化酶活性,如超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)等,从而减轻缺血再灌注诱导的氧化应激与炎症损伤[2];维生素C可通过强效清除氧自由基,调控JAK/STAT3通路中STAT3与FOXP3蛋白的相互作用,抑制过度免疫炎症反应,同时减轻谷氨酸介导的兴奋性毒性损伤[3];维生素E通过中断脂质过氧化链式反应,保护细胞膜结构完整性,同时调控核因子E2相关因子2 (Nrf2)信号通路,上调内源性抗氧化基因表达,抑制环氧化酶-2 (COX-2)活性减少炎症介质生成(见图1) [4] [5]

2.2. 同型半胱氨酸代谢调控通路

B族维生素(叶酸、维生素B6、维生素B12)是同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)代谢通路的关键辅酶。叶酸通过参与甲硫氨酸循环促进Hcy再甲基化,维生素B12是Hcy再甲基化的必需辅酶,维生素B6通过调节胱硫醚-β-合成酶活性促进Hcy经转硫途径代谢,三者协同降低血浆Hcy水平,从而抑制Hcy诱导的血管内皮损伤、动脉粥样硬化与血栓形成[6]-[8]

2.3. 血管功能与血栓调控通路

维生素D作为类固醇激素,通过调控肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, RAAS)降低高血压发病风险,同时调控凝血与纤溶系统平衡,改善血管内皮功能,抑制血管钙化与炎症反应[9] [10];维生素A可通过视黄酸介导的通路改善缺血后血脑屏障完整性,减轻血管源性脑水肿[11];维生素C可促进血管胶原合成,逆转血管内皮功能障碍,改善脑部微循环[12];维生素E可抑制血小板聚集与血管平滑肌细胞增殖,增强动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性[13]

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the targeted actions of vitamins in the pathophysiological cascade of ischemic stroke

1. 不同维生素在缺血性卒中病理生理级联反应中的作用靶点示意图

3. 维生素在缺血性卒中一级预防中的作用与GRADE证据分级

3.1. B族维生素

B族维生素在卒中一级预防中的核心获益人群为合并高同型半胱氨酸血症的高血压人群。中国卒中一级预防试验(CSPPT)纳入20,424名中国高血压患者,结果显示依那普利联合叶酸治疗较单用依那普利,可显著降低患者首次卒中的发病风险[14]。一项纳入17项RCT (randomized controlled trial, RCT)、86,393名受试者的网状荟萃分析显示,叶酸联合维生素B6可显著降低脑卒中风险,且获益在未实施叶酸食物强化政策的国家人群中更为显著[15]。多项荟萃分析证实,补充叶酸、维生素B6与维生素B12可显著降低血浆Hcy水平,而高Hcy是脑梗死明确的独立危险因素[16] [17]

GRADE证据分级:叶酸联合B族维生素用于未实施叶酸食物强化地区、合并高Hcy血症的高血压人群的卒中一级预防,为高等级证据;针对普通人群的卒中一级预防,为中等级证据。

3.2. 维生素D

多项观察性研究显示,血清25-羟维生素D [25(OH)D]水平与首次卒中发病风险呈非线性负相关,当25(OH)D水平为50 nmol/L时,首次卒中发病风险最低[18]。2023年《Stroke》发表的全外显子组测序研究发现,维生素D代谢关键酶编码基因CYP2R1的罕见变异与脑梗死风险升高显著相关,为二者的因果关联提供了遗传学证据[19]。但目前针对普通人群的维生素D补充RCT,尚未证实其可显著降低首次卒中发病风险。

GRADE证据分级:维生素D缺乏与首次卒中发病风险升高的相关性,为中等级证据;外源性补充维生素D用于普通人群卒中一级预防,为低等级证据。

3.3. 维生素C

基础研究与观察性研究显示,维生素C可通过多途径发挥血管保护作用,膳食维生素C摄入与卒中发病风险降低相关[20]。但纳入20,536名高危人群的大型RCT显示,5年随访期内维生素C补充与安慰剂组的卒中相关死亡率无明显统计学差异[13],现有临床RCT未观察到明确的一级预防获益。

GRADE证据分级:维生素C用于卒中一级预防,为低等级证据。

3.4. 维生素A

一项纳入15项前瞻性队列研究的荟萃分析显示,高剂量维生素A摄入与脑卒中发病风险降低显著相关[21];2024年一项网状荟萃分析显示,维生素A的卒中一级预防效果优于维生素E和维生素B12,处于中等水平,但显著低于维生素D和维生素C [22]。但另有多项队列研究得出阴性结论,未发现血清β-胡萝卜素水平与中风发病风险的显著相关性[23] [24]

证据分级:维生素A用于卒中一级预防,为低等级证据。

3.5. 维生素E

现有荟萃分析显示,单独补充维生素E无法降低缺血性脑卒中的发病率;与其他抗氧化剂联用时,虽可轻度降低脑梗死风险,但会显著增加出血性卒中的发病风险[25]。仅在2型糖尿病合并特定ApoE基因型的亚组人群中,观察到维生素E补充的潜在脑血管保护作用[26]

证据分级:维生素E用于普通人群卒中一级预防,为低等级证据。

4. 维生素在缺血性卒中二级预防中的作用与GRADE证据分级

4.1. B族维生素

尽管B族维生素降低Hcy的作用已明确,但多项国际大型RCT未证实其可改善卒中二级预防的核心终点(见表1)。VISP研究显示,中度降低Hcy水平无法减少2年随访期内卒中复发、心血管事件与死亡的发生[27];HOPE-2研究显示,联合补充叶酸、维生素B6与B12可降低患者卒中发生率,但无法降低血管疾病高危人群的全因死亡率[28] [29];VITATOPS研究与OM3研究均不支持在卒中/TIA患者或冠心病患者的二级预防中常规补充B族维生素[30] [31]。仅在亚组分析中,针对基线Hcy水平显著升高、未实施叶酸食物强化地区、合并亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR) C677T基因多态性的患者,观察到B族维生素补充的潜在获益[7] [15]

GRADE证据分级:B族维生素用于缺血性卒中常规二级预防,为低等级证据;针对合并严重高Hcy血症、MTHFR C677T纯合突变的特定人群,为中等级证据。

4.2. 维生素D

多项观察性研究显示,血清25(OH)D水平与卒中复发风险呈负相关,卒中复发风险最低的25(OH)D水平约为60~70 nmol/L [18];同时研究发现,维生素D缺乏可降低氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛对血小板聚集的抑制作用,增加血栓事件复发风险[32]。但目前多项RCT研究显示,补充维生素D无法显著改善脑梗死患者的卒中复发风险与临床结局[33]-[35]

GRADE证据分级:维生素D缺乏与卒中复发风险升高的相关性,为中等级证据;外源性补充维生素D用于卒中二级预防,为低等级证据。

4.3. 维生素A、C、E

目前针对维生素A、C、E用于缺血性卒中二级预防的高质量RCT研究极度匮乏,现有研究多为小样本观察性研究,未发现常规补充上述维生素可显著降低卒中复发风险。同时,维生素E与抗凝、抗血小板药物联用可能增加出血风险,维生素C高剂量静脉补充可能增加溶栓后出血转化风险,均不推荐二级预防中常规使用[25] [36]

GRADE证据分级:维生素A、C、E用于缺血性卒中二级预防,为极低等级证据。

Table 1. Summary of key information related to RCTS

1. RCTS相关关键信息总结

研究名称

发表年份

样本量

研究人群

干预方案

随访时长

核心结论

GRADE 证据质量

CSPPT

2015

20,424

中国成年高血压患者,无卒中病史

依那普利10 mg + 叶酸0.8 mg vs依那普利10 mg

中位4.5年

联合叶酸治疗显著降低首次卒中风险21% (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.68~0.93)

VISP

2004

3680

非心源性缺血性卒中患者,合并轻中度高 Hcy血症

高剂量B族维生素(叶酸2.5 mg + B6 25 mg + B12 0.4 mg) vs低剂量B族维生素

中位2年

高剂量组Hcy降幅更大,但未降低卒中复发、心血管事件及死亡风险

HOPE-2

2006

5522

55岁以上血管疾病高危人群

叶酸2.5 mg + B6 50 mg + B12 1 mg vs安慰剂

中位5年

干预组卒中风险显著降低25% (RR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.59~0.97),但未降低全因死亡率与主要心血管事件复合终点

VITATOPS

2010

8164

近期发生TIA或缺血性卒中的患者

叶酸2 mg + B6 25 mg + B12 0.5 mg vs安慰剂

中位3.4年

B族维生素干预未降低卒中、心肌梗死及血管性死亡的复合终点风险

Heart Protection Study心脏保护研究

2002

20,536

心血管疾病高危人群

维生素C 250 mg + 维生素E 600 mg + β-胡萝卜素20 mg vs安慰剂

中位5年

抗氧化维生素联合干预未降低卒中发病率、卒中相关死亡率及全因死亡率

OM3

2010

2501

心肌梗死病史患者

叶酸0.56 mg + B6 3 mg + B12 0.02 mg + omega-3脂肪酸vs安慰剂

中位4.7年

B族维生素联合干预未降低心血管死亡、心肌梗死、卒中的复合终点风险

5. 维生素在缺血性卒中急性期的应用价值与研究进展

5.1. 基础研究证据

各类维生素在急性期脑缺血的动物模型中均展现出明确的神经保护作用。视黄酸可改善缺血后血脑屏障完整性,减轻血管源性脑水肿与脑实质损伤[11];维生素C可在大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型中显著减小梗死体积,改善神经功能缺损,抑制缺血再灌注后的细胞凋亡与炎症反应[37] [38];维生素E可保护缺血后血脑屏障完整性,减轻脑水肿,通过抗氧化作用减轻神经元损伤[25] [39];维生素D可通过调控凝血与纤溶系统,改善血管内皮功能,降低急性期血栓进展风险[10]

5.2. 临床研究现状与局限性

目前维生素在缺血性卒中急性期的临床研究少,且大多为小样本研究,是否临床获益结果不一。一项纳入11项急性脑损伤临床研究(含8项脑梗死研究)的系统综述显示,维生素C补充未带来显著的临床神经功能改善,且临床研究中维生素C的最大日剂量中位数仅为750 mg,不足动物实验有效剂量的1/10 [36]。同时,急性期应用存在一定的安全风险:高剂量维生素C静脉补充可能影响凝血功能,增加静脉溶栓或血管内介入治疗后的出血转化风险[36];维生素A、E与抗凝、抗血小板药物联用可能增加出血风险[26] [40]。2025年一项新注册的临床试验正在探索维生素C在脑梗死患者瘀伤防治中的作用,假设其可降低出血风险、促进瘀伤消退,同时缩小梗死体积,为急性期应用提供了新的探索方向[41]

GRADE证据分级:各类维生素用于缺血性卒中急性期治疗,均为极低等级证据,不推荐临床常规使用,仅可在严格设计的临床试验中开展探索。

6. 维生素在不同病因学分型缺血性卒中中的特异性关联

多项队列研究显示,血清25(OH)D水平与小血管闭塞型卒中的相关性最为显著,维生素D缺乏与卒中后认知功能下降密切相关[42] [43]。其核心机制可能为维生素D可通过调控血管内皮功能、抑制小血管壁炎症与纤维化,延缓脑小血管病进展。同时,B族维生素介导的Hcy升高是脑小血管病的明确危险因素,高Hcy与腔隙性脑梗死复发、脑白质高信号进展显著相关,为B族维生素在该亚型中的应用提供了理论基础[44] [45]。一项RCT显示,在基线Hcy ≥ 9.1 μmol/L的受试者中,B族维生素补充可显著延缓颈动脉内膜–中层厚度(carotid intima-media thickness, CIMT)的进展[26];但也有研究未观察到相关获益[46]。另有横断面研究显示,维生素D缺乏与大动脉粥样硬化型卒中的相关性强于其他亚型[47] [48],其机制与维生素D抑制血管钙化、动脉粥样硬化斑块进展相关。

7. 现有研究争议与RCT阴性结果的方法学原因分析

目前认为,人群基线维生素水平、地域叶酸强化政策、遗传背景是导致RCT结果差异的核心因素。CSPPT研究获得阳性结果的关键原因,在于其纳入了未实施全民叶酸食物强化的中国高血压人群,基线叶酸水平偏低、Hcy水平偏高,且MTHFR C677T突变携带率高;而VISP、HOPE-2、VITATOPS等阴性结果的RCT,均在已实施全民叶酸强化的欧美国家开展,人群基线叶酸与Hcy水平已处于正常范围,额外补充B族维生素难以获得额外获益[14] [15]。基础研究与临床研究的剂量存在数量级差异,是导致转化失败的关键原因。以维生素C为例,动物实验中发挥神经保护作用的有效剂量为100 mg/kg以上,而临床RCT中的最大日剂量中位数仅为750 mg (约10 mg/kg),不足动物实验剂量的1/10,无法达到发挥神经保护作用的有效血药浓度[36]

8. 总结与展望

不同维生素通过多靶点、多通路参与缺血性卒中的病理生理过程:维生素A、C、E主要通过抗炎、抗氧化途径发挥神经与血管保护作用;B族维生素的核心作用是通过调控Hcy代谢降低卒中风险;维生素D则通过调节RAAS系统、保护血管内皮、调控凝血功能等多靶点发挥作用。基于GRADE证据分级,目前仅叶酸联合B族维生素用于未实施叶酸强化地区、合并高Hcy血症的高血压人群的卒中一级预防,具有高等级循证证据;其余维生素在不同场景下的应用,均为中、低甚至极低等级证据,尚无明确的临床常规推荐。

近年来,维生素与脑梗死的相关研究取得了一定进展,但仍面临诸多挑战:基础研究中的阳性结果难以向临床转化;多数临床RCT未观察到显著的临床获益;关于维生素之间的协同作用、不同病因亚型的特异性干预价值的研究仍不充分。

未来亟需开展更多大样本、多中心、长期随访的高质量RCT研究,明确不同维生素在脑梗死一级预防、急性期治疗、二级预防及康复中的作用、最佳剂量与安全方案,同时深入探索维生素之间的协同作用及个体遗传背景的影响,为脑梗死的精准防治提供更坚实的科学依据。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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