“六字诀”训练联合吞咽功能训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效观察
Observation on the Efficacy of “Liu Zi Jue” Training Combined with Swallowing Function Training on Post-Stroke Dysphagia
DOI: 10.12677/hjbm.2026.162035, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 汪萍萍, 杨昌芝, 张 智, 曹 越, 杨海峰, 刘秋叶:曲靖市第二人民医院康复医学科,云南 曲靖
关键词: 六字诀吞咽障碍脑卒中呼吸训练膈肌Liu Zi Jue Swallowing Disorder Stroke Breathing Training Diaphragm
摘要: 目的:探讨“六字诀”训练联合吞咽功能训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能及呼吸协调性的临床疗效。方法:采用随机数字表法将90例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者分为对照组(n = 45)和观察组(n = 45)。对照组接受常规吞咽功能训练(包括口腔感觉训练、门德尔松吞咽法、声门上吞咽法、神经肌肉电刺激),观察组在对照组基础上增加“六字诀”训练。两组均每日训练1次,每周5天,持续8周。于治疗前及治疗8周后,采用视频荧光吞咽功能检查(VFSS)量表、进食评估问卷-10 (EAT-10)及患侧膈肌活动度超声测量评估疗效。结果:治疗后,两组VFSS评分、EAT-10评分及膈肌活动度均较治疗前显著改善(P < 0.05)。观察组治疗后VFSS评分(9.62 ± 0.68)分、EAT-10评分(2.38 ± 2.35)分及膈肌活动度(1.51 ± 0.30)cm,均显著优于对照组(8.40 ± 1.52)分、(5.85 ± 5.10)分、(1.32 ± 0.28) cm,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:“六字诀”训练联合吞咽功能训练可更有效改善脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能、主观进食体验及膈肌功能,其机制可能与优化呼吸–吞咽协调性有关。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of “Liu Zi Jue” training combined with swallowing function training on swallowing function and respiratory coordination in patients with post-stroke dysphagia. Methods 90 patients with post-stroke dysphagia were divided into a control group (n = 45) and an observation group (n = 45) using the random number table method. The control group received conventional swallowing function training (including oral sensory training, Mendelssohn swallowing method, supraglottic swallowing method, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation), while the observation group added “Liu Zi Jue” training on the basis of the control group. Both groups trained once a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Before treatment and after 8 weeks of treatment, the video fluorescence swallowing function test (VFSS) scale, eating assessment questionnaire-10 (EAT-10) and ultrasound measurement of diaphragm activity on the affected side were used to evaluate the efficacy. Results: After treatment, the VFSS score, EAT-10 score and diaphragm activity in both groups were significantly improved compared with before treatment (P < 0.05). After treatment, the VFSS score (9.62 ± 0.68), EAT-10 score (2.38 ± 2.35) and diaphragm activity (1.51 ± 0.30) cm of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group (8.40 ± 1.52), (5.85 ± 5.10) and (1.32 ± 0.28) cm, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: “Liu Zi Jue” training combined with swallowing function training can more effectively improve the swallowing function, subjective eating experience and diaphragm function of patients with post-stroke dysphagia. The mechanism may be related to optimizing breathing-swallowing coordination.
文章引用:汪萍萍, 杨昌芝, 张智, 曹越, 杨海峰, 刘秋叶. “六字诀”训练联合吞咽功能训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效观察[J]. 生物医学, 2026, 16(2): 338-343. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2026.162035

1. 引言

脑卒中后吞咽障碍是常见并发症,可导致误吸、肺炎及营养不良等严重后果,显著影响患者预后及生活质量[1]。吞咽与呼吸作为共享咽部解剖结构的生理过程,其神经肌肉协调性是保证吞咽安全的关键[2]。研究表明,脑卒中后呼吸肌无力及协调性下降是吞咽障碍的重要病理基础[3] [4]。常规吞咽功能训练虽能改善部分功能,但常忽视呼吸模式调整在吞咽协调性中的作用[5]

“六字诀”作为中国传统养生功法,通过特定的“嘘、呵、呼、呬、吹、嘻”六种发音与呼吸导引动作,旨在调节脏腑气机、优化呼吸模式[6] [7]。近年来,其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病[8]、心衰康复[9]等领域显示出改善呼吸功能的潜力。基于呼吸与吞咽的密切生理联系,我们推测将“六字诀”训练融入吞咽康复,或可通过增强呼吸肌力量、优化呼吸节奏,进而改善吞咽协调性与安全性[10] [11]。目前,将“六字诀”应用于脑卒中后吞咽障碍的系统性研究尚少。本研究旨在观察“六字诀”联合吞咽功能训练的综合疗效,为临床康复提供新思路。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象与分组

选取2024年6月至2025年12月曲靖市第二人民医院收治的脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者90例。纳入标:① 符合《中国各类主要脑血管病诊断要点2019》[12]诊断标准;② 经VFSS确认存在吞咽障碍;③ 年龄40~80岁;④ 病程14天至1年;⑤ 签署知情同意书。排除标准:① 严重认知障碍(MMSE < 10分)或失语;② 合并严重心肺、肝肾疾病;③ 既往有吞咽障碍史。采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各45例。两组基线资料无统计学差异(P > 0.05),具有可比性,详见表1

Table 1. Comparison of general information between the two groups of patients

1. 两组患者的一般资料比较

组别

例数

平均年龄( x ¯ ± s)

性别()

平均病程(d, x ¯ ± s)

病变性质()

病变部位()

脑出血

对照组

45

64.20 ± 9.85

36

9

31.50 ± 18.30

14

观察组

45

63.80 ± 9.90

33

12

28.20 ± 24.10

17

2.2. 治疗方法

两组均接受常规吞咽功能训练,每次30分钟,每日1次,每周5天,共8周。

对照组:常规训练包括:① 口腔感觉训练(冰刺激);② 门德尔松吞咽法;③ 声门上吞咽法;④ 神经肌肉电刺激[13]

观察组:在对照组基础上增加“六字诀”训练见图1,每次30分钟。训练方案参考国家体育总局推广的“健身气功·六字诀”[14],由认证治疗师指导:

Figure 1. “Liu Zi Jue” training

1. “六字诀”训练

嘘字(平肝气):重心右移,口吐“嘘”音,配合缓缓伸臂,调节呼吸节奏。

呵字(补心气):两臂侧起,掌心向上,口吐“呵”音,强调深长呼气。

呼字(养脾气):转掌下按,口吐“呼”音,配合膈肌下沉,增强腹式呼吸。

(补肺气):两臂前推,口吐“呬”音,强化胸廓活动与呼气控制。

吹字(补肾气):起身后坐,口吐“吹”音,锻炼腰腹与呼气肌协调。

嘻字(调三焦):两臂侧起,口吐“嘻”音,调节全身气机,整合呼吸模式。

每字动作重复6遍,全程配合深、慢、匀的腹式呼吸。

2.3. 评价指标

VFSS评分[15]:评估口腔期、咽期功能及误吸程度,总分0~10分,分值越高功能越好。

EAT-10评分[16]:评估主观吞咽障碍程度,总分0~40分,分值越高障碍越重。

膈肌活动度:采用超声测量平静呼吸时患侧膈肌移动度[17]

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件。计量资料以( x ¯ ± s)表示,组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

两组治疗前后各指标比较

治疗后,两组VFSS评分、EAT-10评分及膈肌活动度均较治疗前显著改善(P < 0.05)。观察组各指标改善幅度均优于对照组(P < 0.05),见表2

Table 2. Comparison of VFSS scores, EAT-10 scores and diaphragm activity between the two groups before and after treatment ( x ¯ ± s)

2. 两组治疗前后VFSS评分、EAT-10评分及膈肌活动度比较( x ¯ ± s)

组别

例数

时间点

VFSS评分()

EAT-10评分()

膈肌活动度(cm)

对照组

45

治疗前

6.90 ± 1.85

9.95 ± 7.60

1.04 ± 0.33

治疗后

8.40 ± 1.52*

5.85 ± 5.10*

1.32 ± 0.28*

观察组

45

治疗前

6.82 ± 1.88

9.78 ± 7.30

1.02 ± 0.31

治疗后

9.62 ± 0.68*#

2.38 ± 2.35*#

1.51 ± 0.30*#

注:与同组治疗前比较,P < 0.05;与对照组治疗后比较,#P < 0.05*。

4. 讨论

本研究结果显示,“六字诀”联合吞咽训练在改善吞咽功能、主观体验及膈肌活动方面均优于单一吞咽训练。其机制可能涉及以下方面:

首先,“六字诀”通过特定的发音与呼吸导引,有效调节了吞咽相关的呼吸动力学基础[18] [19]。如“呼”“吹”等诀强调深长呼气,可增强腹肌及呼气肌力量,提升咳嗽效能及气道保护能力[20] [21];“嘘”“呵”等诀注重呼吸节奏控制,有助于恢复“呼气–吞咽–呼气”的生理协调模式,减少咽期误吸风险[22] [23]

其次,“六字诀”训练改善了膈肌功能。本研究中观察组膈肌活动度提升更显著,提示其可能通过腹式呼吸训练增强了膈肌移动度及耐力[24] [25]。膈肌作为主要吸气肌,其功能改善有助于优化吞咽前后的呼吸暂停与恢复节奏,为安全吞咽提供稳定的力学环境[26] [27]

此外,“六字诀”作为心身综合训练,可能通过调节自主神经功能及减轻焦虑,间接促进吞咽协调性[28] [29]。其柔和的运动形式也适合合并运动障碍的脑卒中患者长期坚持[30] [31]

本研究局限性在于未设置训练时长对照,未来需通过三臂设计(常规训练、时长匹配对照、联合训练)进一步验证“六字诀”的特异性效应。此外,可结合表面肌电图、呼吸动力学检测深化机制探索[32]

5. 结论

“六字诀”训练联合吞咽功能训练能更全面改善脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能、主观进食体验及膈肌活动度,是一种行之有效的综合康复策略,值得临床推广。

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