汽车座椅对驾驶疲劳作用的研究进展

Research on the Role of Automobile Seat in Driving Fatigue

摘要: 驾驶疲劳是影响道路交通安全的重要因素之一，其形成机制涉及生理负荷累积、姿态稳定性下降、神经警觉性减弱以及肌肉代谢失衡等多重因素。作为驾驶员与车辆之间最直接的人机界面，汽车座椅在缓解驾驶疲劳、提升驾驶舒适性及保障行车安全方面具有关键作用。本文系统梳理了近年来国内外关于汽车座椅对驾驶疲劳影响机制的研究进展，围绕疲劳形成机理、静态几何参数与材料特性优化、动态机械结构调节技术以及智能感知与主动控制技术等方面进行了综合分析。在此基础上，对不同疲劳评价方法的适用性与局限性进行了对比，探讨了材料软硬差异、支撑结构设计分歧以及实验条件差异对研究结论的影响机制。研究表明，单一结构优化难以全面缓解驾驶疲劳，材料性能、支撑结构及智能调节技术的协同设计是未来发展方向；多模态生理信号融合与预测性主动控制将成为智能座椅系统的重要技术趋势。最后，本文总结了当前研究存在的标准缺失、样本规模有限与工程转化不足等问题，并提出构建材料–结构–算法一体化设计框架的建议。本文可为汽车座椅人机工程优化及智能化发展提供理论参考。

Abstract: Driving fatigue is a critical factor affecting road traffic safety. Its formation mechanism involves the accumulation of physiological load, decline in postural stability, reduction of neural alertness, and imbalance in muscular metabolism. As the most direct human-machine interface between the driver and the vehicle, the automotive seat plays a pivotal role in mitigating driving fatigue, improving comfort, and enhancing driving safety. This paper systematically reviews recent domestic and international research progress on the effects of automotive seats on driving fatigue. The discussion focuses on fatigue formation mechanisms, optimization of static geometric parameters and material properties, dynamic mechanical adjustment technologies, and intelligent sensing and active control strategies. Furthermore, the applicability and limitations of different fatigue evaluation methods are comparatively analyzed, and the underlying causes of inconsistent findings—such as differences in material stiffness, support structure design, and experimental conditions—are examined. The review indicates that single structural optimization is insufficient to comprehensively alleviate driving fatigue; instead, coordinated design integrating material performance, support structure, and intelligent control technologies represents the future development direction. Multimodal physiological signal fusion and predictive active control are expected to become key technological trends in intelligent seat systems. Finally, existing challenges, including the lack of standardized evaluation criteria, limited sample sizes, and insufficient engineering validation, are identified. The establishment of an integrated material-structure-algorithm design framework is proposed. This study provides a theoretical reference for ergonomic optimization and intelligent development of automotive seats.