疏水表面制备及应用

Fabrication and Applications of Hydrophobic Surfaces

摘要: 疏水表面在清洁能源、航空航天等多领域具有重要应用价值，其制备核心为构筑微纳结构与修饰低表面能成分。本文阐述Young’s方程、Wenzel模型、Cassie-Baxter模型三大经典润湿性理论，梳理近几年化学刻蚀、阳极氧化、有机–无机杂化及飞秒激光加工等疏水表面制备技术的研究进展，重点分析飞秒激光加工无接触、高精度、可调控润湿性的技术优势及相关研究成果。总结疏水表面在防冰防霜、耐腐蚀、防污抗菌等领域的应用特性与研究成果，证实其工程应用潜力。指出当前疏水表面存在机械耐久性不足、部分制备技术成本高效率低、性能演变规律不明、功能单一等产业化瓶颈，从技术联用、工艺优化、模型建立、绿色材料开发及多功能复合等方面展望未来研究方向，为疏水表面的规模化工程应用提供参考。

Abstract: Hydrophobic surfaces hold significant application value in diverse fields such as clean energy and aerospace. The core of their fabrication lies in constructing micro/nano structures and modifying low-surface-energy components. This article elaborates on three classical wettability theories: Young’s equation, the Wenzel model, and the Cassie-Baxter model. It reviews the research progress in recent years on fabrication techniques for hydrophobic surfaces, including chemical etching, anodization, organic-inorganic hybridization, and femtosecond laser processing. The technical advantages of femtosecond laser processing—such as non-contact operation, high precision, and tunable wettability—are analyzed in detail, along with related research findings. The application characteristics and research outcomes of hydrophobic surfaces in areas like anti-icing/frost, corrosion resistance, and antifouling/antibacterial properties are summarized, confirming their potential for engineering applications. Current industrialization bottlenecks are identified, including insufficient mechanical durability, high cost and low efficiency of some fabrication techniques, unclear performance evolution mechanisms, and limited functionality. Future research directions are proposed from the perspectives of technique combination, process optimization, model establishment, green material development, and multifunctional integration, providing a reference for the large-scale engineering application of hydrophobic surfaces.