全民健身公共服务视域下老年人体育参与提升的驱动机制、供给缺口与闭环路径

Driving Mechanisms, Supply Gaps, and Closed-Loop Pathways for Enhancing Older Adults’ Sports Participation from the Perspective of National Fitness Public Services

摘要: 在全民健身公共服务持续推进与人口老龄化加深背景下，提升老年人体育参与水平具有重要现实意义。实践中，老年体育参与普遍存在持续性不足、参与波动明显、风险顾虑较强而专业支持不足等问题，设施与活动供给增量未必带来稳定参与增量。本文以参与行为过程为主线，刻画老年人体育参与的形态与差异特征，构建个体、关系、环境的分层解释框架，分析体能功能、风险感知与运动信心，以及家庭支持、同伴带动、社区联结和设施可达、组织密度、服务友好度对参与的综合影响，进一步从供给侧识别空间适老化不足、课程匹配偏弱与服务连续性断裂等关键缺口，在此基础上提出入口、过程、结果的闭环促进路径，强调低门槛引导与分级支持、小组化组织与行为维持、收益反馈与正向激励，并贯穿风险管理，以提升参与稳定性与安全性。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the ongoing advancement of public fitness services and deepening population aging, enhancing older adults’ participation in physical activity is of substantial practical significance. In practice, older adults’ participation is often characterized by insufficient sustainability, pronounced fluctuations, strong risk-related concerns, and inadequate professional support. Increases in facilities and program supply do not necessarily translate into stable gains in participation. Taking the behavioral process of participation as the main thread, this study depicts the forms and differentiated features of older adults’ sports participation, and constructs a multi-level explanatory framework at the individual, relational, and environmental levels. It examines the combined effects of physical function, risk perception, and exercise confidence, as well as family support, peer influence, community connectedness, accessibility of sports facilities, organizational density, and service friendliness. From the supply-side perspective, it further identifies key gaps such as insufficient age-friendly spatial design, weak course-program matching, and disruptions in service continuity. On this basis, the study proposes a closed-loop pathway spanning entry, process, and outcomes, highlighting low-threshold guidance and tiered support, group-based organization and behavior maintenance, benefit feedback and positive incentives, with risk management embedded throughout, so as to improve the stability and safety of participation.