农村人口老龄化的三重困境与破解路径研究

A Study on the Triple Predicaments of Population Aging in Rural Areas and Their Solutions

摘要: 乡村振兴战略与人口老龄化进程深度交织，农村人口老龄化已成为制约乡村全面发展的核心结构性矛盾。本文基于2020~2025年相关实证研究与统计成果，以“问题–成因–路径”为核心逻辑，系统分析农村人口老龄化引发的乡村空心化、生产效能受限、养老保障失衡三重核心问题。结合城乡二元结构理论、要素配置理论等学术视角深入剖析成因后发现，农村人口老龄化通过人口外流引发资源闲置进而导致乡村活力衰退，通过劳动力素质短板阻碍技术应用进而延缓产业升级，通过养老需求增长与服务供给不足的矛盾放大保障缺口。基于此，从破除城乡二元壁垒、推动产业提质增效、完善养老保障体系三个维度提出针对性对策，为实现农村人口老龄化与乡村振兴协同发展提供理论支撑与实践参考。

Abstract: The strategy of rural vitalization is deeply intertwined with the process of population aging, and rural population aging has become a core structural contradiction restricting the all-round development of rural areas. Based on relevant empirical studies and statistical results from 2020 to 2025, this paper takes the logic of “problems-causes-paths” as the core and systematically analyzes three major issues triggered by rural population aging: rural hollowing-out, constrained production efficiency, and unbalanced elderly care security. Through an in-depth analysis of the causes from academic perspectives such as the urban-rural dual structure theory and the factor allocation theory, it is found that rural population aging leads to the idleness of resources and thus the decline of rural vitality through population outflow, hinders the application of technology and thus delays industrial upgrading due to the shortage of labor quality, and amplifies the security gap through the contradiction between the growing demand for elderly care and the insufficient supply of related services. On this basis, targeted countermeasures are proposed from three dimensions: breaking down the urban-rural dual barriers, promoting industrial quality and efficiency improvement, and improving the elderly care security system, so as to provide theoretical support and practical reference for the coordinated development of rural population aging and rural vitalization.