家园共育视域下小班幼儿离园前如厕环节的保育研究

Childcare in Toileting before Dismissal for Junior Class Children: A Home-Kindergarten Cooperation Perspective

摘要: 小班幼儿正处在生活自理能力发展的关键奠基期。这一时期，幼儿从家庭生活进入学校集体生活，面临着如厕、穿衣、洗手等基本生活技能从依赖向自主过渡的重要挑战。离园前如厕环节是小班幼儿一日生活常规中的核心保育环节。此环节包含多项内容，对幼儿自理能力、动作协调能力发展及家园教育衔接具有独特价值。基于对小班离园前如厕环节实地观察发现幼儿园中存在幼儿自理能力个体差异显著、行为规范性不足，教师指导系统性缺乏，家园教育行为脱节、沟通机制不健全，园所制度与环境支持不足等问题。因此，从幼儿、教师、家园共育、园所制度与环境四个维度提出分层训练、标准化指导、家园共识构建、环境优化等可落地改进策略，通过构建目标协同、责任共担的家园共育机制提升离园前如厕环节的保育质量，为小班幼儿生活自理能力培养提供实践性参考。

Abstract: Junior-class children are in a critical period for self-care development. This stage sees their transition from family to collective kindergarten life, confronting the key shift from dependence to autonomy in essential daily skills such as toileting, dressing, and handwashing. The pre-dismissal toileting session is a core childcare component in their daily routine, with unique value for their self-care, motor coordination, and home-kindergarten education alignment. Field observations on pre-dismissal toileting for junior-class children identify key kindergarten issues: notable individual differences in self-care, insufficient behavioral standards, lack of systematic teacher guidance, disconnected home-kindergarten practices, flawed communication mechanisms, and inadequate institutional and environmental support. Accordingly, practical strategies are proposed across four dimensions: children, teachers, home-kindergarten co-education, and kindergarten settings, including hierarchical training, standardized guidance, consensus building, and environmental optimization. Establishing a goal-coordinated, responsibility-sharing home-kindergarten mechanism enhances pre-dismissal toileting quality, offering practical guidance for fostering their self-care abilities.