固体废弃物在修复重金属污染土壤中的研究进展

Research Progress in the Application of Solid Waste for the Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils

摘要: 采矿、冶炼等工业活动引发的土壤重金属污染具有持久性和生物累积性，已成为土壤环境风险的重要来源。以工农业固体废弃物制备修复材料，兼具资源化利用与成本优势，符合“以废治废”的绿色理念。本文系统综述了适用于土壤修复的工业与农业固体废弃物的主要类型及其理化特性；深入剖析了固废材料通过物理化学吸附、离子交换、表面络合、化学沉淀以及微生物介导等途径固定靶向重金属的作用机制。针对原始固废直接施用存在的修复效率受限及二次污染风险，探讨了当前固废深度改性的前沿进展，以及固废材料与电动、化学淋洗和植物、微生物等多技术联合协同修复的最新成效。并对固体废弃物修复重金属污染土壤的稳定性、环境安全性进行概述。

Abstract: Soil heavy metal contamination induced by industrial activities such as mining and smelting is characterized by persistence and bioaccumulation, constituting a significant source of soil environmental risk. Producing remediation materials from industrial and agricultural solid wastes offers both resource utilization and cost advantages, aligning with the green concept of “treating waste with waste”. This paper systematically reviews the major types and physicochemical properties of industrial and agricultural solid wastes suitable for soil remediation. It provides an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which solid waste materials immobilize target heavy metals through physicochemical adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation, chemical precipitation, and microbially mediated pathways. Addressing the limitations in remediation efficiency and the risk of secondary pollution associated with the direct application of raw solid wastes, this study discusses recent advances in the deep modification of solid wastes, as well as the latest achievements in synergistic remediation combining solid waste materials with electrokinetics, chemical leaching, phytoremediation, and microbial technologies. Furthermore, it summarizes the stability and environmental safety of using solid wastes for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils.