氨酰-tRNA合成酶在恶性肿瘤中的 研究进展

Advances in the Study of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in Malignant Tumors

摘要: 氨酰-tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases，ARSs)是一类在进化上高度保守、广泛表达的必需酶，主要催化特定氨基酸与同源转运RNA(tRNA)的连接，保证蛋白质翻译的准确性。近年来研究表明，部分ARSs除经典氨酰化功能外，还可通过结构域介导的蛋白相互作用、细胞外分泌、氨基酸感应与信号转导等“非经典功能”参与肿瘤增殖、侵袭转移、免疫微环境重塑及治疗反应调控。本文综述了ARSs的分类与非经典功能，并聚焦于肿瘤关键生物学过程的主线，梳理了其在各类恶性肿瘤中的研究进展。在此基础上，进一步总结了ARSs作为肿瘤诊断及预后标志物的潜在价值，分析了靶向ARSs的干预策略，以期为肿瘤机制探索与转化应用提供新思路。

Abstract: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a family of evolutionarily highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed essential enzymes. Their canonical function is to catalyze the ligation of specific amino acids to their cognate transfer RNAs (tRNAs), thereby ensuring the fidelity of protein translation. However, accumulating evidence in recent years has revealed that beyond this classical aminoacylation function, certain ARSs participate in tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, immune microenvironment remodeling, and the modulation of therapeutic responses through “non-canonical functions”. These functions are mediated by mechanisms such as domain-mediated protein-protein interactions, extracellular secretion, amino acid sensing, and signal transduction. This review summarizes the classification and non-canonical functions of ARSs. Focusing on the principal processes of tumor biology, it synthesizes the research progress on ARSs across various malignant tumors. Furthermore, it evaluates the potential value of ARSs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and analyzes intervention strategies targeting ARSs, aiming to provide novel insights for both fundamental cancer research and translational applications.