环境行政处罚裁量基准制度数智化转型的法治调适

Legal Adjustment to the Digital-Intelligent Transformation of the Discretionary Benchmark System for Environmental Administrative Penalties

摘要: 在数字政府与智慧执法体系加速建构的背景下，环境行政处罚裁量基准正由文本规范形态转向算法嵌入形态，实现从“规范指引”到“代码运行”的结构性转变。这一转型并非单纯的技术升级，而是裁量权运行机制的深度重构。算法嵌入在提升效率与统一性的同时，也引发裁量黑箱化、个案权衡弱化、程序参与受限以及责任结构模糊等法治风险。其根源在于技术理性与法治理性之间的结构性张力。本文在梳理裁量基准制度演进脉络的基础上，揭示算法裁量的权力结构变化，提出以“过程控制”为核心理念、以“技术性正当程序”为制度支点的规范路径，并从事前嵌入、事中协同、事后追责三个维度展开制度构造，以实现算法治理与行政法治原则之间的制度耦合。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of the accelerated development of digital government and smart law enforcement systems, discretionary benchmarks for environmental administrative penalties are shifting from a normative textual form to an algorithm-embedded form, achieving a structural transformation from “normative guidance” to “code-based operation”. This transition is not a simple technological upgrade, but an in-depth restructuring of the operational mechanism of discretionary power. While algorithm embedding enhances efficiency and uniformity, it also triggers rule-of-law risks including discretionary black-boxing, weakened case-specific balancing, restricted procedural participation, and ambiguous responsibility structures. Its root cause resides in the structural tension between technical rationality and rule-of-law rationality. On the basis of sorting out the evolution of the discretionary benchmark system, this paper reveals the changes in the power structure of algorithmic discretion, puts forward a normative path with “process control” as the core concept and “technical due process” as the institutional fulcrum, and constructs the system from three dimensions: pre-embedding, in-process coordination and post-hoc accountability, so as to realize the institutional coupling between algorithmic governance and the principles of administrative rule of law.