儿童呼吸道感染病原体特征的研究进展

Research Progress on Pathogen Characteristics of Respiratory Tract Infections in Children

摘要: 儿童呼吸道感染是儿科临床常见病、多发病，其感染病原体繁多，流行特征多样，对儿童健康和公共卫生构成重要威胁，是儿科临床工作中的重中之重。本文从主要感染病原体流行病学特征、致病机制、实验室诊断技术及防治策略等方面，系统性描述了儿童呼吸道感染常见病原体的研究进展。重点梳理肺炎链球菌、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒、鼻病毒、肺炎支原体等优势病原体的流行特征与研究热点，并总结多重核酸检测、宏基因组测序等分子诊断技术及疫苗、抗感染药物在临床工作中的应用现状。针对当前病原谱的演变、多重混合感染比例增多、抗菌药物不合理使用等问题进行探讨，为儿童呼吸道感染的临床诊断、规范治疗与综合防控提供参考。

Abstract: Pediatric respiratory infections are common and frequently occurring diseases in clinical pediatrics, characterized by a wide variety of pathogens and diverse epidemiological features, posing significant threats to children’s health and public health. They represent a critical focus in pediatric clinical practice. This article systematically reviews the research progress on common pathogens of pediatric respiratory infections, covering aspects such as epidemiological characteristics of major pathogens, pathogenic mechanisms, laboratory diagnostic techniques, and prevention strategies. Particular attention is given to the epidemiological features and research hotspots of predominant pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The application status of molecular diagnostic techniques such as multiplex nucleic acid testing and metagenomic sequencing, as well as vaccines and anti-infective drugs in clinical practice, is also summarized. The article further discusses current challenges, such as the evolving pathogen spectrum, increasing proportions of mixed infections, and irrational use of antimicrobial agents, providing references for clinical diagnosis, standardized treatment, and comprehensive prevention and control of pediatric respiratory infections.