何为自由？——基于庄子《逍遥游》自由思想的考察

What Is Freedom? —An Investigation of the Thought of Freedom in Zhuangzi’s Xiaoyaoyou

摘要: 《逍遥游》是庄子自由思想的核心载体，全篇以寓言递进的方式，阐释了“无待”的终极自由境界，是道家哲学体系的重要组成部分。冯友兰《中国哲学史新编》与北京大学哲学系中国哲学教研室编著《中国哲学史》(以下简称“北大本《中国哲学史》”)，是国内庄子研究的两部经典著作，二者对《逍遥游》的自由思想形成了既有共识、又有显著分野的解读体系。厘清不同解读范式的核心逻辑，同时本文将对冯友兰先生的中国哲学史新编和北京大学哲学系中国哲学教研室编著的中国哲学史进行对比，结合《庄子》原始文本的字句训诂与篇章结构，梳理二者对庄子自由思想的共识与解读差异，同时挖掘两种解读路径为当代社会提供的思想资源，以期全面、深刻地把握庄子《逍遥游》中的自由思想。

Abstract: Xiaoyaoyou (Carefree Excursion) is the core embodiment of Zhuangzi’s thought of freedom. Through progressive fables, the text elucidates the ultimate state of freedom as “without dependence” (wudai), which constitutes a vital part of the Daoist philosophical system. A New History of Chinese Philosophy by Feng Youlan and History of Chinese Philosophy compiled by the Research Section of Chinese Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, Peking University (hereafter referred to as “the Peking University edition of History of Chinese Philosophy”) are two classic works in Zhuangzi studies in China. They present interpretative systems that share certain common understandings while also featuring distinct differences regarding the thought of freedom in Xiaoyaoyou. This paper clarifies the core logic of different interpretative paradigms, compares the two aforementioned works, combines textual exegesis and structural analysis of the original Zhuangzi, and sorts out their consensus and divergences in interpreting Zhuangzi’s thought of freedom. It further explores the intellectual resources that the two interpretative approaches can provide for contemporary society, aiming to comprehensively and profoundly grasp the thought of freedom in Zhuangzi’s Xiaoyaoyou.