感觉神经介导的神经–免疫互作及其在疾病中的调控作用
Sensory Neuron-Mediated Neuro-Immune Interactions and Their Regulatory Roles in Disease
摘要: 神经系统与免疫系统之间存在广泛而复杂的相互作用。近年来研究表明，周围感觉神经不仅参与疼痛和炎症信号的感知，还能够通过释放神经肽直接调控免疫反应，在感染防御、炎症调节及肿瘤免疫等过程中发挥重要作用。感觉神经末梢广泛分布于皮肤、呼吸道和肠道等屏障组织，能够通过表达多种离子通道和受体感知外界刺激，并释放降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、P物质(SP)及血管活性肠肽(VIP)等神经肽，从而调节多种免疫细胞的功能状态。近年来的研究表明，这些神经肽可通过影响巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T细胞及B细胞等免疫细胞的活化和分化，在炎症性疾病、感染以及肿瘤微环境调控中发挥重要作用。本文综述了感觉神经与免疫系统之间的相互作用机制，重点总结了CGRP、SP和VIP等神经肽在免疫调控中的作用，并讨论了感觉神经在炎症性疾病、感染及肿瘤免疫中的研究进展，以期为理解神经–免疫互作机制及相关疾病的治疗提供参考。
Abstract: Increasing evidence has demonstrated extensive bidirectional communication between the nervous system and the immune system. In recent years, peripheral sensory neurons have been recognized not only as detectors of noxious stimuli but also as important regulators of immune responses. Sensory nerve endings are widely distributed in barrier tissues such as the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract, where they can sense environmental signals through various ion channels and receptors. Upon activation, sensory neurons release multiple neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which can directly modulate the functions of immune cells. These neuropeptides influence the activation, differentiation, and cytokine production of various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby participating in the regulation of inflammation, host defense against infection, and tumor immunity. Recent studies have highlighted the important roles of sensory neuron-mediated neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, infections, and cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interactions between sensory neurons and the immune system, focusing on the immunoregulatory roles of major neuropeptides such as CGRP, SP, and VIP. In addition, we discuss the involvement of sensory neurons in inflammatory diseases, mucosal immunity, and tumor immunity, which may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies targeting neuro-immune communication.
文章引用：张琛, 周炳. 感觉神经介导的神经–免疫互作及其在疾病中的调控作用[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(4): 1066-1074. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.1641339

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